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. 2017 Aug 15;7:8150. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08327-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metabolic comparison between patients and controls. (A) Changed pathways in uremia before treatments in pre-HD patients. (B) Changed pathways in uremia before treatments in pre-HFD patients. (C) Detailed changes of 18 metabolites in three important metabolic pathways when pre-dialysis patients are compared to controls. Metabolites marked with a red pentagram represent no differences between pre-HFD and the controls but are significantly reduced in pre-HD vs. the controls.