| TENS, NMES |
TENS: Catley et al. (2015); Johnson et al. (2015)
|
| NMES: Sheffler and Chae (2007)
|
| Cochlear implant*
|
Clark (1999); Gates et al. (1995); Roche and Hansen (2015)
|
| Spinal cord epidural stimulator (neuromodulation)*
|
Cruccu et al. (2016); Health Quality Ontario (2005); Kumar et al. (2007); Wolter (2014)
|
| Sacral nerve stimulator |
Al Asari et al. (2014); Gupta et al. (2015); Li et al. (2016); Moya et al. (2016)
|
| Foot-drop stimulator (external)*
|
Bethoux et al. (2014); Liberson et al. (1961); O’Dell et al. (2014); Stein (1998); Stein et al. (2006)
|
| Vagus nerve stimulator*
|
Kennedy and Schallert (2001); Révész et al. (2016); Yuan and Silberstein (2016a, 2016b, 2016c)
|
| Deep brain stimulator*
|
Benabid et al. (2006); Khobragade et al. (2015); Mazzone et al. (2016); Nardone et al. (2014)
|
| Phrenic nerve and diaphragm pacers*
|
Romero et al. (2012); Santangeli and Marchlinski (2015)
|
| Sacral anterior root stimulator implant*
|
Brindley (1974, 1977); Heine et al. (1977); McGee et al. (2015); Tanagho et al. (1989)
|
Grasp-release stimulators
(external)*
|
Alon et al. (2007); Buick et al. (2016); Nathan (1994); Prochazka (2002); Prochazka et al. (1996, 1997a)
|
| StimRouter implant*
|
Deer et al. (2010, 2016); Gan et al. (2011); Prochazka (2005)
|
| Grasp-release stimulators (Freehand implant)†
|
Knutson et al. (2012); Peckham et al. (1980, 1981); Peckham and Kilgore (2013)
|
| Foot-drop stimulator (implant)§
|
Haugland et al. (1994); Hoffer et al. (2005); Jeglic et al. (1970); Martin et al. (2016, 2017); Taylor et al. (2016); Waters et al. (1975)
|
| Implanted microstimulators§
|
Burridge and Etherington (2004); Loeb et al. (2004, 2006); Richmond et al. (2000); Weber et al. (2005)
|
| Visual cortex implant§
|
Brindley (1974); Brindley and Lewin (1968); Dobelle et al. (1976); Lewis et al. (2015)
|
| Retinal implant§
|
Barry et al. (2012); da Cruz et al. (2016); Rachitskaya and Yuan (2016)
|
| Somatosensory cortex implant§
|
Flesher et al. (2016); Kim et al. (2015); Shaikhouni et al. (2013)
|
| Spinal cord epidural stimulator (spatiotemporal)§
|
Capogrosso et al. (2016); Wenger et al. (2016)
|
| Intraspinal microstimulation for bladder control, limb movement and respiratory pacing§
|
Bladder: Gaunt and Prochazka (2006); Grill et al. (1999); Jonas et al. (1976); Nashold et al. (1971b, 1981); Pikov et al. (2007); Tai et al. (2004)
|
|
Limb movement: Holinski et al. (2013); Mushahwar et al. (2000); Prochazka et al. (2001)
|
|
Respiration: Mercier et al. (2017)
|
