Table 2.
Factors associated with pain and increased level of pain in patients with heart failure
| 1 | Physical problems and disabilities |
| 2 | Depression, anxiety, and affective disorders |
| 3 | Ischemia (impaired circulation and oxygenation) |
| 4 | Increase in age |
| 5 | Worsening NYHA functional class |
| 6 | Increased dependencies in ADLs |
| 7 | Female gender |
| 8 | Neurohormonal derangement |
| 9 | Sensation and neurological conduction |
| 10 | Cognition and central nervous system processing |
| 11 | Behavior and health literacy |
| 12 | Social support and relationships |
| 13 | Religious, spiritual, and cultural beliefs |
| 14 | Increase in comorbid disorders |
| 15 | Poor QOL |
| 16 | Approach of death |
NYHA, New York Heart Association; ADLs, Activities of daily living; QOL, Quality of life