Induced superoxide radicals scavenged by particles in DM. DMPO (100 mM), Xan (2U), XanOx (35 mM), and particles in DM; Centerfield 3485G; sweep width 100 G; microwave frequency 9.79 GHz; power 63 mW; time constant 40.96 ms; Panel A (Left): Relative peak heights of ESR spectra (n=3); Panel A (Right): Representative ESR spectra. Induced super-oxide radicals scavenged by particles in ALF. DMPO (100 mM), Xan (2U), XanOx (35 mM), and particles in ALF; Centerfield 3485G; sweep width 100 G; microwave frequency 9.78 GHz; power 63 mW; time constant 40.96 ms; Panel B (Left): Relative peak heights of ESR spectra (n=3); Panel B (Right): Representative ESR spectra. *Significant difference between treatment group from control (p < 0.05). +Significant difference between CeO2-NP and NiO-NP solutions at same post-exposure timepoint (p < 0.05).