TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| All faculty (N = 10,241) |
Male faculty (N = 6,692) |
Female faculty (N=3,549) |
p-value for male-female comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Salary, $ (SD) | 240,173 (124,877) | 257,957 (137,202) | 206,641 (88,238) | <0.001 |
| Salary Category, No. (%) | ||||
| < $100,000 | 421 (4.1%) | 277 (4.1%) | 144 (4.1%) | <0.001 |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 1,562 (15.3%) | 799 (11.9%) | 763 (21.5%) | |
| $150,000–$199,999 | 2,567 (25.1%) | 1,448 (21.6%) | 1,119 (31.5%) | |
| $200,000–$249,999 | 2,091 (20.4%) | 1,403 (21.0%) | 688 (19.4%) | |
| $250,000–$299,999 | 1,326 (12.9%) | 951 (14.2%) | 375 (10.6%) | |
| >= $300,000 | 2,274 (22.2%) | 1,814 (27.1%) | 460 (13.0%) | |
| Faculty Rank, No. (%) | ||||
| Assistant Professor | 4,479 (43.7%) | 2,516 (37.6%) | 1,963 (55.3%) | <0.001 |
| Associate Professor | 2,502 (24.4%) | 1,633 (24.4%) | 869 (24.5%) | 0.925 |
| Full Professor | 3,260 (31.8%) | 2,543 (38.0%) | 717 (20.2%) | <0.001 |
| Age, mean years (sd) | 49.49 (10.5) | 51.10 (10.8) | 46.43 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Age, No. (%) | ||||
| <40 years | 1,999 (20.4%) | 1,065 (16.5%) | 934 (27.8%) | <0.001 |
| 40–44 years | 1,733 (17.7%) | 1,037 (16.1%) | 696 (20.7%) | |
| 45–49 years | 1,559 (15.9%) | 1,007 (15.6%) | 552 (16.4%) | |
| 50–54 years | 1,358 (13.8%) | 897 (13.9%) | 461 (13.7%) | |
| 55–59 years | 1,291 (13.2%) | 916 (14.2%) | 375 (11.1%) | |
| 60–64 years | 955 (9.7%) | 718 (11.1%) | 237 (7.0%) | |
| >= 65 years | 913 (9.3%) | 803 (12.5%) | 110 (3.3%) | |
| Years since residency, mean (sd) | 17.7 (10.9) | 19.4 (11.4) | 14.6 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| Specialty, No. (%) | ||||
| Anesthesiology | 654 (6.4%) | 444 (6.6%) | 210 (5.9%) | 0.158 |
| Cardiology | 369 (3.6%) | 294 (4.4%) | 75 (2.1%) | <0.001 |
| Emergency Medicine | 361 (3.5%) | 261 (3.9%) | 100 (2.8%) | 0.005 |
| Family Medicine | 519 (5.1%) | 277 (4.1%) | 242 (6.8%) | <0.001 |
| Gastroenterology | 228 (2.2%) | 175 (2.6%) | 53 (1.5%) | <0.001 |
| Hematology/Oncology | 419 (4.1%) | 288 (4.3%) | 131 (3.7%) | 0.137 |
| Infectious Disease | 237 (2.3%) | 143 (2.1%) | 94 (2.7%) | 0.101 |
| Internal Medicine | 927 (9.1%) | 527 (7.9%) | 400 (11.3%) | <0.001 |
| Neurology | 449 (4.4%) | 307 (4.6%) | 142 (4.0%) | 0.168 |
| Obstetrics & Gynecology | 418 (4.1%) | 178 (2.7%) | 240 (6.8%) | <0.001 |
| Orthopedic Surgery | 233 (2.3%) | 199 (3.0%) | 34 (1.0%) | <0.001 |
| Other | 1,331 (13.0%) | 868 (13.0%) | 463 (13.1%) | 0.914 |
| Pathology | 440 (4.3%) | 284 (4.2%) | 156 (4.4%) | 0.719 |
| Pediatrics | 1,285 (12.6%) | 661 (9.9%) | 624 (17.6%) | <0.001 |
| Psychiatry | 455 (4.4%) | 294 (4.4%) | 161 (4.5%) | 0.738 |
| Radiology | 573 (5.6%) | 402 (6.0%) | 171 (4.8%) | 0.013 |
| Surgery | 590 (5.8%) | 454 (6.8%) | 136 (3.8%) | <0.001 |
| Surgery subspecialty | 744 (7.3%) | 629 (9.4%) | 115 (3.2%) | <0.001 |
| Publications (total), mean no. (sd) | 21.7 | 26.1 | 13.5 | <0.001 |
| Publications (first or last author), mean no. (sd) | 14.2 | 17.1 | 8.6 | <0.001 |
| NIH Grants | ||||
| At least one grant, No. (%) | 1,488 (14.5%) | 1,076 (16.1%) | 412 (11.6%) | <0.001 |
| Mean, given at least one | 6.09 | 6.70 | 4.48 | <0.001 |
| Clinical Trials | ||||
| At least one trial, No. (%) | 1,060 (10.4%) | 773 (11.6%) | 287 (8.1%) | <0.001 |
| Mean, given at least one | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.502 |
| Medicare Payments | ||||
| Any payment | 7,366 (71.9%) | 5,017 (75.0%) | 2,349 (66.2%) | <0.001 |
| Mean, given any payment ($) | 47,884 | 52,320 | 38,409 | <0.001 |
| Graduated from a top-20 U.S. medical school | 2,488 (25.9%) | 1,667 (26.4%) | 821 (24.9%) | 0.111 |
| Census Region | ||||
| Midwest | 1,858 (18.1%) | 1,235 (18.5%) | 623 (17.6%) | 0.260 |
| South | 4,552 (44.4%) | 2,986 (44.6%) | 1,566 (44.1%) | 0.631 |
| West | 3,831 (37.4%) | 2,471 (36.9%) | 1,360 (38.3%) | 0.165 |
Notes: Top-20 medical school defined according to U.S. News and World Report 2013 medical school research rankings. Schools were located in three of four Census regions (Midwest, South, and West; none in Northeast). P-values reflect 2-sided t-tests and chi-square comparisons where appropriate. P-value for age reflects comparison of age distributions.