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. 2017 Jun 12;3(8):1758–1768. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00201

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Inhibition of ice recrystallization and associated IIF during warming by ice seeding. (a) Significant IIF induced by extracellular ice recrystallization (IR) during warming observed by real-time cryomicroscopy. (b) Polarized light cryomicroscopy images of ice crystals in PBS and 0.33 M trehalose solution before and after annealing at −6 °C for 15 min. (c) Entropy of polarized light cryomicroscopy images of ice crystals in PBS and 0.33 M trehalose solution before and after annealing. (d) Free energy in the PBS sample during cooling and warming showing the effect of ice seeding (IS) on the free energy available for driving IR during warming. Ai and ε are the area and circularity of ice crystals. Points 1, 2, 3, and 4 correspond to images 1, 2, 3, and 4 in b, respectively. (e) Evolution of free energy during cooling and warming PBS under two different conditions. The equilibrium solution before and after ice melting does not possess free energy that drives IR. “W/” and “W/O” stand for with and without, respectively. *: p < 0.05 and n = 3.