Table 1.
Cerebral palsy, sensory disabilities, and results for Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) at 2 years corrected age by gestational age groups. Complete case analysis
| Variables | 24-31 weeks* | 24-26 weeks* | 27-31 weeks | 32-34 weeks | P value† | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No of events/No in group | % (95% CI) | No of events/No in group | % (95% CI) | No of events/No in group | % (95% CI) | No of events/No in group | % (95% CI) | ||||||
| Cerebral palsy | 128/2714 | 4.6 (3.9 to 5.5) | 31/450 | 6.9 (4.7 to 9.6) | 97/2264 | 4.3 (3.5 to 5.2) | 9/885 | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.9) | <0.001 | ||||
| GMFCS level: | |||||||||||||
| 5 | 8/2714 | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) | 3/450 | 0.7 (0.1 to 1.9) | 5/2264 | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.5) | 0/885 | 0.0 (NA) | |||||
| 3 or 4 | 24/2714 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 5/450 | 1.1 (0.4 to 2.6) | 19/2264 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 0/885 | 0.0 (NA) | |||||
| 2 | 39/2714 | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | 12/450 | 2.7 (1.4 to 4.6) | 27/2264 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) | 3/885 | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.0) | |||||
| 1 | 57/2714 | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.7) | 11/450 | 2.4 (1.2 to 4.3) | 46/2264 | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.7) | 6/885 | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.5) | |||||
| Hearing | |||||||||||||
| Deafness: | 19/2651 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | 6/442 | 1.4 (0.5 to 2.9) | 13/2209 | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | 4/866 | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.2) | 0.28 | ||||
| Bilateral | 13/2651 | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) | 6/442 | 1.4 (0.5 to 2.9) | 7/2209 | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.7) | 4/866 | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.2) | |||||
| Unilateral | 6/2651 | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.5) | 0/442 | 0.0 (NA) | 6/2209 | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) | 0/866 | 0.0 (NA) | |||||
| Vision | |||||||||||||
| Blindness: | 10/2553 | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.7) | 3/421 | 0.7 (0.1 to 2.1) | 7/2132 | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.7) | 2/847 | 0.2 (0.0 to 0.9) | 0.51 | ||||
| Bilateral | 5/2553 | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4) | 2/421 | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.7) | 3/2132 | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.4) | 1/847 | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.7) | |||||
| Unilateral | 5/2553 | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.5) | 1/421 | 0.2 (0.0 to 1.3) | 4/2132 | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.5) | 1/847 | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.7) | |||||
| Squinting‡ | 152/2533 | 5.9 (5.1 to 6.9) | 30/416 | 7.2 (4.9 to 10.1) | 122/2117 | 5.8 (4.8 to 6.8) | 30/840 | 3.6 (2.4 to 5.1) | 0.003 | ||||
| Wearing glasses‡ | 180/2527 | 7.0 (6.1 to 8.1) | 38/418 | 9.1 (6.5 to 12.3) | 142/2109 | 6.7 (5.7 to 7.9) | 35/842 | 4.2 (2.9 to 5.7) | <0.001 | ||||
| Neuromotor or sensory disabilities§: | |||||||||||||
| Severe | 45/2524 | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.3) | 12/420 | 2.9 (1.5 to 4.9) | 33/2104 | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) | 5/834 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.4) | <0.001 | ||||
| Moderate | 48/2524 | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.5) | 13/420 | 3.1 (1.7 to 5.2) | 35/2104 | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) | 3/834 | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.0) | |||||
| None or minor disabilities | 2431/2524 | 96.4 (95.6 to 97.1) | 395/420 | 94.0 (91.3 to 96.1) | 2036/2104 | 96.8 (95.9 to 97.5) | 826/834 | 99.0 (98.1 to 99.6) | |||||
| ASQ¶: | |||||||||||||
| Median (interquartile range) total ASQ score | 1884 | 229 (199-255) | 313 | 223 (185-250) | 1571 | 230 (200-255) | 622 | 235 (205-260) | <0.001 | ||||
| ASQ score below threshold** | 797/1884 | 42.0 (39.7 to 44.2) | 157/313 | 50.2 (44.5 to 55.8) | 640/1571 | 40.7 (38.3 to 43.2) | 225/622 | 36.2 (32.4 to 40.1) | <0.001 | ||||
| No of domains below threshold: | |||||||||||||
| 0 | 1087/1884 | 58.0 (55.8 to 60.3) | 156/313 | 49.8 (44.2 to 55.5) | 931/1571 | 59.3 (56.8 to 61.7) | 397/622 | 63.8 (59.9 to 67.6) | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 | 441/1884 | 23.4 (21.5 to 25.4) | 76/313 | 24.3 (19.6 to 29.4) | 365/1571 | 23.2 (21.2 to 25.4) | 139/622 | 22.3 (19.1 to 25.8) | |||||
| 2 | 171/1884 | 8.9 (7.7 to 10.3) | 38/313 | 12.1 (8.7 to 16.3) | 133/1571 | 8.5 (7.1 to 10.0) | 51/622 | 8.2 (6.2 to 10.6) | |||||
| 3 | 101/1884 | 5.3 (4.4 to 6.4) | 19/313 | 6.1 (3.7 to 9.3) | 82/1571 | 5.2 (4.2 to 6.4) | 24/622 | 3.9 (2.5 to 5.7) | |||||
| 4 or 5 | 84/1884 | 4.3 (3.4 to 5.3) | 24/313 | 7.7 (5.0 to 11.2) | 60/1571 | 3.8 (2.9 to 4.9) | 11/622 | 1.8 (0.9 to 3.1) | |||||
| By domain: | |||||||||||||
| Communication | 484/1884 | 25.3 (23.4 to 27.4) | 106/313 | 33.9 (28.6 to 39.4) | 378/1571 | 24.1 (22.0 to 26.3) | 111/622 | 17.8 (14.9 to 21.1) | <0.001 | ||||
| Gross motor | 204/1884 | 10.6 (9.2 to 12.0) | 52/313 | 16.6 (12.7 to 21.2) | 152/1571 | 9.7 (8.3 to 11.2) | 32/622 | 5.1 (3.5 to 7.2) | <0.001 | ||||
| Fine motor | 211/1884 | 11.2 (9.8 to 12.7) | 38/313 | 12.1 (8.7 to 16.3) | 173/1571 | 11.0 (9.5 to 12.7) | 65/622 | 10.5 (8.2 to 13.1) | 0.75 | ||||
| Problem solving | 217/1884 | 11.5 (10.1 to 13.0) | 40/313 | 12.8 (9.3 to 17.0) | 177/1571 | 11.3 (9.7 to 12.9) | 68/622 | 10.9 (8.6 to 13.7) | 0.69 | ||||
| Personal-social | 334/1884 | 17.4 (15.7 to 19.2) | 78/313 | 24.9 (20.2 to 30.1) | 256/1571 | 16.3 (14.5 to 18.2) | 83/622 | 13.3 (10.8 to 16.3) | <0.001 | ||||
GMFCS=Gross Motor Function Classification System; NA=not applicable.
Denominators vary according to number of missing data for each variable. Percentages are weighted to account for differences in sampling process between gestational age groups. Data are presented by gestational age grouping: 24-26 and 27-31 (both italicised), combined 24-31, and 32-34 weeks’ gestation.
*Including one survivor born at 23 weeks and six days. Percentages are weighted to account for differences in sampling process between gestational age groups.
†Comparison between gestational age groups 24-26 weeks, 27-31 weeks, and 32-34 weeks.
‡For children without blindness.
§Severe or moderate neuromotor or sensory disability: severe=cerebral palsy GMFCS levels 3-5 and/or bilateral deafness and/or bilateral blindness; moderate=cerebral palsy GMFCS level-2 and/or unilateral deafness and/or unilateral blindness. Seven infants had associated severe or moderate cerebral palsy and sensory disabilities.
¶Infants with cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, or severe congenital anomalies were excluded (n=131).
**For each domain, a score lower than 2 standard deviations from the mean, using established screening cut-off points (Squire 200924) was reported. If a score was below threshold in at least one domain, the global ASQ was considered below threshold.