Figure 1. . Cardiovascular disease and detection of cardiotoxicity in cancer.

A schematic representation describing the continuum of cancer treatment, subclinical cardiotoxicity and eventual development of overt cardiovascular disease, in particular, heart failure. Cancer occurs in the setting of the patient's baseline health and risk factors profile. With the administration of potentially cardiotoxic therapies, various surveillance diagnostic strategies may be adopted. Traditional and novel imaging, functional capacity testing and blood-based biomarker strategies have been assessed to detect cardiotoxicity. Once there is evidence of overt cardiac dysfunction (i.e., ACC/AHA stage B heart failure), imaging and blood-based biomarkers may also help to guide treatment.

↓: Decline; ACC/AHA: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; CV: Cardiovascular; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction.

Adapted with permission from [36].