Table 6. Studies examining prognostic impact of immune cells in bladder cancer.

Study	Number patients	Result	Association	Cell type
(Krpina et al, 2015)	115	CD3+ and CD8+ TIL are predictive of bladder cancer recurrence in patients with solitary low-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer	Positive association	CD3 and CD8
(Wang et al, 2015)	302	Intratumoural CD103(+) TILs inversely associated with tumour size. High CD103+ cells associated with improved OS.	Positive association	CD103+
(Zhang et al, 2015)	131	Tumour-infiltrating CD4(+) T cell density emerged as an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR: 2.75; P=0.004)	Positive association	CD4
Knief et al (2016)	149	FOXP3/CD8 (OS: P=0.013, HR: 1.32, 95% CIs: 1.06–1.65) ratios were significantly associated with briefer OS and time to cancer-specific death	Negative association	FOXP3/CD8 ratio
(Sjodahl et al, 2014)	296	CD3(+) TILs was significantly associated with good prognosis. Positive association with CD3 was modulated by CD68(+) TAMs. Strongest negative association with survival was a high ratio between CD68 and CD3	Positive association; Negative association	CD3+ High CD68/CD3 ratio
(Sharma et al, 2007)	69	Higher numbers of CD8 TILs within the tumour (> or =8) had better DFS and OS	Positive association	CD8
(Hilmy et al, 2006)	103	No correlation between TIL level and prognosis	No association	TILs

Abbreviations: TAM=tumour-associated macrophage; OS=overall survival; TIL=tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes.