Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study groups
| With diabetes N = 31,987 n (%) |
Without diabetes N = 162,656 n (%) |
p* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at baseline (years) mean ± SD | 58.1 ± 11.9 | 57.2 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Females | 14,258 (44.6) | 86,961 (53.5) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity at baseline | |||
| Hypertension | 14,274 (44.6) | 38,933 (23.9) | <0.001 |
| Chronic renal failure | 1984 (6.2) | 5.843 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Atherosclerosisa | 4666 (14.6) | 11,795 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 798 (2.5) | 1421 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Arrhythmia | 1405 (4.4) | 4495 (2.8) | <0.001 |
| Socio-economic level | <0.001 | ||
| Low | 4763 (15.3) | 20,503 (12.9) | <0.001 |
| Medium | 18,343 (59.1) | 90,761 (57.0) | <0.001 |
| High | 7944 (25.6) | 47,940 (30.1) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 5599 (17.5) | 25,967 (16.0) | <0.001 |
| Under/normal weight (BMI 14–24.9 kg/m2) | 3554 (12.4) | 39,628 (30.5) | <0.001 |
| Over weight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) | 10,533 (36.6) | 53,931 (41.5) | <0.001 |
| Mild obesity (BMI 30–34.9 kg/m2) | 8950 (31.1) | 26,336 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) | 5706 (19.9%) | 9973 (7.7%) | <0.001 |
* T test or Chi square test as appropriate
a Including history of ischemic heart disease, stroke and peripheral artery disease