Table 1.

Verified biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of trauma-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome

Injury pathway	Biomarker	Pattern in ARDS	Clinical association	Statistic description	Reference
Endothelial injury	Ang-2	elevated	Predicting ARDS mortality	AUC: 0.74 (95% CI, 0.62–0.84) OR: 4.0 (95% CI, 1.6–10.2)	[18]
					[19]
	L-Selectin	decreased	Higher ARDS incidence	Serum Concentration in ARDS: 262.7 g/L (95% CI, 113.5–411.9 g/L)	[23]
Epithelial injury	sRAGE	elevated	Early onset of ARDS ARDS incidence	1773 (949–3227) vs. 1226 (773–1944) Fold change: 3	[26]
					[27]
	SP-D	decreased	Higher mortality Worse oxygenation ARDS diagnosis	AUC: 0.69 (95% CI, 0.6, 0.76)	[29]
					[29]
					[30]
	CC16	elevated	Lung contusion volume ARDS mortality	r = 0.78, P < 0.0001	[31]
					[33]
Coagulation	Histones	elevated	ARDS incidence SOFA scores	Fold change: 6.72 r = 0.55, P < 0.01	[40]
					[40]
Inflammation	mtDNA	elevated	SIRS mortality	AUC: 0.725 (95% CI 0.613–0.837). RR: 20.4 (95% CI, 1.3–318)	[43]
					[45]

Ang-2 Angiopoietin-2, ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome, AUC area under the curve, CC16 Clara cell protein 16, mtDNA Mitochondrial DNAs, OR Odds ratio, RR Relative risks, SIRS Systemic inflammatory distress syndrome, sRAGE Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, SP-D surfactant protein D, WMD weighted mean difference