Table 1. Pre-clinical applications of ultrasound molecular imaging in large blood vessels or heart.

Application	Animal model	Biomarker	Mode	Method	ARF*	Procedure time† (min)	p value‡	Reference
Inflammation	Rat, heart	ICAM-1	Contrast	Pre-burst minus post-burst	No	3 + 20§ + 3 = 26	< 0.005	(29)
Inflammation	Rat, heart	Selectins	CPS	Pre-burst minus post-burst	No	4 + 60 + 4 = 68	< 0.002	(30)
Inflammation	Mouse, heart	P-selectin	CPS	Pre-burst minus post-burst	No	10 + 20§ + 10 = 40	< 0.01	(31)
Inflammation	Swine, carotid artery	VCAM-1	Contrast	Pre-burst minus post-burst	No	9 + 20 + 9 = 38	< 0.05	(32)
Atherosclerosis	Mouse, thoracic aorta	VCAM-1	CPS	Pre-burst minus post-burst	No	10 + 20§ + 10 = 40	< 0.001	(10)
Atherosclerosis	Mouse, thoracic aorta	P-selectin, VCAM-1	CPS	Pre-burst minus post-burst	No	10 + 20§ + 10 = 40	< 0.01	(11)
Inflammation	Mouse, abdominal aorta	P-selectin, VCAM-1	B-mode	Modulated ARF	Yes	0 + 0 + 3 = 3ǁ	< 0.0005	This study

^*Acoustic radiation force. Destruction pulses were not considered as ARF pulses in the table.

^†Time for a complete measurement in format: Time for control microbubble injection + Waiting period for clearance + Time for targeted microbubble injection = Procedure time.

^‡The p value between targeted group and various controls.

^§Waiting period for clearance of freely circulating microbubbles was not specified; estimated waiting period is 20 min.

^ǁSingle injection of targeted microbubbles required; no waiting period.