Table 1. Descriptive statistics and patterning of mental health variables.
| N | % | GHQ caseness | GHQ score | MCS | WEMWBS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % ≥ 4 (95%CI) | Mean (95%CI) | Mean (95%CI) | Mean (95%CI) | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| male | 13,127 | 43.4 | 14.57 (13.98, 15.19) | 10.29 (10.20, 10.38) | 50.78 (50.61, 50.94) | 24.88 (24.80, 24.95) |
| female | 17,090 | 56.6 | 20.63 (20.03, 21.25) | 11.44 (11.36, 11.53) | 48.84 (48.69, 48.98) | 24.62 (24.55, 24.68) |
| Age group | ||||||
| 16-19y | 1,702 | 5.6 | 19.86 (18.03, 21.82) | 10.40 (10.15, 10.66) | 48.98 (48.53, 49.43) | 24.32 (24.11, 24.53) |
| 20-24y | 1,406 | 4.7 | 20.84 (18.80, 23.04) | 11.11 (10.83, 11.39) | 48.14 (47.64, 48.63) | 24.02 (23.78, 24.25) |
| 25-29y | 1,735 | 5.7 | 20.29 (18.46, 22.25) | 11.16 (10.91, 11.41) | 47.56 (47.11, 48.00) | 24.02 (23.81, 24.23) |
| 30-34y | 2,348 | 7.8 | 19.63 (18.08, 21.29) | 11.12 (10.90, 11.33) | 47.98 (47.59, 48.36) | 24.38 (24.20, 24.56) |
| 35-39y | 2,655 | 8.8 | 19.17 (17.72, 20.71) | 11.19 (10.99, 11.39) | 48.27 (47.90, 48.63) | 24.43 (24.26, 24.60) |
| 40-44y | 3,166 | 10.5 | 19.49 (18.15, 20.91) | 11.36 (11.17, 11.55) | 48.43 (48.10, 48.76) | 24.41 (24.26, 24.56) |
| 45-49y | 3,036 | 10.1 | 19.76 (18.38, 21.22) | 11.52 (11.33, 11.71) | 49.09 (48.75, 49.42) | 24.35 (24.19, 24.51) |
| 50-54y | 2,896 | 9.6 | 21.72 (20.26, 23.26) | 11.68 (11.48, 11.87) | 48.98 (48.63, 49.32) | 24.32 (24.16, 24.48) |
| 55-59y | 2,545 | 8.4 | 19.17 (17.69, 20.75) | 11.32 (11.11, 11.53) | 49.84 (49.47, 50.21) | 24.75 (24.58, 24.92) |
| 60-64y | 2,637 | 8.7 | 14.52 (13.23, 15.92) | 10.42 (10.21, 10.62) | 51.54 (51.17, 51.90) | 25.49 (25.32, 25.65) |
| 65-69y | 2,345 | 7.8 | 12.37 (11.09, 13.76) | 10.01 (9.80, 10.23) | 52.70 (52.32, 53.09) | 25.90 (25.72, 26.08) |
| 70y or older | 3,746 | 12.4 | 12.79 (11.76, 13.90) | 10.05 (9.88, 10.22) | 52.40 (52.10, 52.71) | 25.56 (25.42, 25.70) |
| Highest educational qualifications | ||||||
| Degree | 7,143 | 23.6 | 16.39 (15.55, 17.27) | 10.61 (10.48, 10.73) | 49.91 (49.69, 50.14) | 25.41 (25.31, 25.52) |
| Other higher degree | 3,590 | 11.9 | 16.94 (15.74, 18.20) | 10.83 (10.65, 11.01) | 50.08 (49.76, 50.39) | 25.04 (24.89, 25.18) |
| A-level | 6,094 | 20.2 | 17.77 (16.83, 18.75) | 10.86 (10.73, 11.00) | 49.58 (49.34, 49.82) | 24.69 (24.57, 24.80) |
| GCSE | 6,495 | 21.5 | 18.89 (17.96, 19.86) | 11.09 (10.96, 11.22) | 49.36 (49.12, 49.59) | 24.26 (24.15, 24.37) |
| Other qualification | 2,900 | 9.6 | 18.79 (17.41, 20.26) | 11.15 (10.95, 11.34) | 50.13 (49.78, 50.48) | 24.36 (24.20, 24.52) |
| No qualification | 3,624 | 12.0 | 20.28 (19.00, 21.62) | 11.45 (11.27, 11.62) | 49.30 (48.99, 49.62) | 24.33 (24.18, 24.47) |
| Missing | 371 | 1.2 | 18.87 (15.20, 23.17) | 10.75 (10.20, 11.29) | 48.81 (47.83, 49.79) | 24.32 (23.87, 24.77) |
| Economic status | ||||||
| employed | 17,377 | 57.5 | 16.03 (15.49, 16.59) | 10.63 (10.56, 10.71) | 49.93 (49.80, 50.07) | 24.87 (24.81, 24.94) |
| unemployed | 1,306 | 4.3 | 30.09 (27.66, 32.64) | 12.90 (12.62, 13.18) | 46.02 (45.52, 46.52) | 22.66 (22.43, 22.90) |
| retired | 7,496 | 24.8 | 13.78 (13.02, 14.58) | 10.23 (10.11, 10.34) | 52.07 (51.86, 52.28) | 25.61 (25.51, 25.70) |
| family care | 1,593 | 5.3 | 25.30 (23.22, 27.49) | 12.31 (12.05, 12.56) | 46.70 (46.25, 47.16) | 23.78 (23.57, 23.99) |
| student | 1,363 | 4.5 | 19.96 (17.92, 22.16) | 10.70 (10.42, 10.98) | 48.52 (48.02, 49.01) | 24.52 (24.29, 24.75) |
| sick/disabled | 956 | 3.2 | 54.39 (51.22, 57.53) | 17.41 (17.07, 17.74) | 38.17 (37.58, 38.76) | 20.09 (19.82, 20.37) |
| don't know | 126 | 0.4 | 25.40 (18.56, 33.71) | 12.09 (11.18, 13.00) | 47.50 (45.88, 49.11) | 23.84 (23.08, 24.60) |
| Physical functioning (quintiles) | ||||||
| 1 (low) | 2,686 | 8.9 | 38.38 (36.56, 40.24) | 14.45 (14.25, 14.64) | 47.29 (46.94, 47.63) | 22.92 (22.76, 23.09) |
| 2 | 6,755 | 22.4 | 21.20 (20.24, 22.19) | 11.64 (11.52, 11.76) | 50.37 (50.16, 50.59) | 24.17 (24.07, 24.28) |
| 3 | 7,018 | 23.2 | 13.78 (12.99, 14.61) | 10.24 (10.12, 10.36) | 50.82 (50.61, 51.04) | 24.87 (24.77, 24.97) |
| 4 | 7,648 | 25.3 | 7.37 (6.81, 7.98) | 8.94 (8.82, 9.05) | 52.89 (52.69, 53.10) | 25.97 (25.87, 26.07) |
| 5 (high) | 6,110 | 20.2 | 23.65 (22.60, 24.73) | 11.96 (11.83, 12.08) | 44.63 (44.40, 44.86) | 24.42 (24.31, 24.53) |
| Urban/rural | ||||||
| urban | 22,156 | 73.3 | 18.85 (18.34, 19.37) | 11.07 (11.00, 11.14) | 49.29 (49.16, 49.42) | 24.61 (24.55, 24.67) |
| rural | 8,058 | 26.7 | 15.66 (14.88, 16.47) | 10.60 (10.49, 10.72) | 50.75 (50.54, 50.96) | 25.05 (24.95, 25.15) |
| missing | 3 | 0.0 | 33.33 (4.34, 84.65) | 11.67 (5.57, 17.76) | 53.56 (42.70, 64.42) | 28.00 (22.96, 33.04) |
| Perceptions of public transport infrastructure | ||||||
| Poor | 3,606 | 11.9 | 21.33 (20.02, 22.69) | 11.50 (11.32, 11.67) | 49.22 (48.91, 49.54) | 24.69 (24.54, 24.83) |
| Fair | 7,552 | 25.0 | 18.33 (17.47, 19.22) | 11.07 (10.95, 11.19) | 49.33 (49.11, 49.55) | 24.44 (24.34, 24.54) |
| Very good | 12,334 | 40.8 | 16.98 (16.33, 17.65) | 10.76 (10.66, 10.85) | 49.90 (49.73, 50.07) | 24.80 (24.72, 24.88) |
| Excellent | 3,384 | 11.2 | 18.17 (16.91, 19.51) | 10.67 (10.49, 10.85) | 49.81 (49.48, 50.13) | 25.12 (24.97, 25.27) |
| No opinion | 3,015 | 10.0 | 17.08 (15.78, 18.47) | 11.00 (10.81, 11.19) | 50.06 (49.72, 50.41) | 24.79 (24.63, 24.95) |
| Don't know/missing/proxy | 326 | 1.1 | 19.02 (15.12, 23.65) | 11.10 (10.52, 11.69) | 49.53 (48.49, 50.57) | 24.67 (24.19, 25.16) |
| Choose to walk or cycle for short journeys less than 2 or 3 miles | ||||||
| not often or never | 18,258 | 60.4 | 18.01 (17.46, 18.58) | 10.99 (10.91, 11.07) | 49.76 (49.62, 49.90) | 24.68 (24.62, 24.75) |
| very often or more | 10,567 | 35.0 | 16.17 (15.48, 16.89) | 10.57 (10.47, 10.67) | 49.91 (49.73, 50.09) | 24.99 (24.90, 25.07) |
| missing | 1,392 | 4.6 | 31.68 (29.29, 34.17) | 13.19 (12.91, 13.47) | 46.91 (46.40, 47.41) | 23.36 (23.13, 23.59) |
| Choose to use public transport rather than car | ||||||
| not often or never | 23,186 | 76.7 | 16.93 (16.46, 17.42) | 10.82 (10.75, 10.89) | 50.00 (49.87, 50.12) | 24.83 (24.77, 24.88) |
| very often or more | 5,380 | 17.8 | 20.43 (19.37, 21.53) | 11.10 (10.96, 11.25) | 48.93 (48.67, 49.19) | 24.49 (24.38, 24.61) |
| missing | 1,651 | 5.5 | 25.08 (23.04, 27.22) | 12.18 (11.92, 12.44) | 47.65 (47.18, 48.11) | 24.12 (23.91, 24.34) |
GHQ = General Health Questionnaire | MCS = SF-12 Mental Health Component | WEMWBS = Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well Being Scale