Fig. 2.

Averaged estimates of ID from 1,000 simulated datasets. In A datasets were simulated assuming no ID, i.e., $\text{b}=0$ and nonnegative expectation for the additive effects (i.e., ${\alpha }_{\text{j}}>0$, for the jth causal variant). In B datasets were simulated assuming no ID $(\text{b}=0)$ and no directional effect of minor alleles $(\text{s}=0)$ but including the contribution of the first 10 genotypic PCs to model the effect of population stratification. ${\text{F}}_{\text{HOM}}$, excess homozygosity inbreeding measure; ${\text{F}}_{\text{ROH}}$, runs of homozygosity-based inbreeding measures; ${\text{F}}_{\text{UNI}}$, measure of inbreeding based on correlation between uniting gametes; SEM, SE of the mean.