Fig. S5.

Type I error rate associated with the detection of ID. Type I error rate is measured as the fraction of P values $<5\%$ from 1,000 simulated datasets. In A datasets were simulated assuming no ID; i.e., $b=0$ and nonnegative expectation for the additive effects (i.e., ${\alpha }_j>0$, for the $j$th causal variant). In B datasets were simulated assuming no ID ($b=0$) and no directional effect of minor alleles ($s=0$), but including the contribution of the first 10 genotypic PCs to model the effect of PS. Abbreviations are as defined in Fig. S2.