Fig. 5.

Theoretical model of lipid raft movement in applied EF. (A) Lipid raft velocity as a function of lipid raft radius (0–10 μm) in an EF. (B) Model prediction of lipid raft displacement when the EF is applied as DC and AC field at 10 Hz, 50 Hz, or 250 Hz. Blue line and the left y axis, displacement of a lipid raft (x). Green line and the right axis, lipid raft radius (r). Dashed line, original location of lipid raft (x = 0). (C) DC and AC frequency-dependent response of lipid rafts and migration directionality of fibroblasts (n = 58–178, *P < 0.0001 vs. 0 V, ^§P < 0.0001 vs. DC).