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. 2017 Aug 16;7:8465. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08721-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in emotional ratings and physiological states over the conditions. (a) VAS ratings in the sad-happy dimension are shown over the emotional music conditions tested in the microneurography experiment. There was a significant difference between all the conditions. Physiological measures over all the experimental conditions (sad/happy/neutral music and no music). (b) Electrodermal activity was significantly increased during happy music, and there was a significant difference between sad and neutral music. (c) The mean heart rate was significantly higher during happy, as compared to neutral music. (d) Heart rate variability also changed with sad and happy emotions; a significant increase was found over the neutral music, and additionally, the sad emotion condition was significantly higher than the no music condition (not indicated for clarity). Means are shown with SEM, *p < 0.05.