Table 1.
Single species and two species MANCOVA on 14 morphological traits in coexisting three-spined (3s) and nine-spined (9s) stickleback populations from eight sites
| Species | Effect | Df | Wilk’s λ | F | P value | Partial η² (95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3s | Site | 7 | 0.02 | F 98,818.46 = 6.933 | <0.0001 | 0.421 (0.419–0.425) |
| SL | 1 | 0.05 | F 14,128 = 164.366 | <0.0001 | 0.947 (0.946–0.948) | |
| Residuals | 141 | |||||
| 9s | Site | 7 | 0.12 | F 98,666.67 = 2.706 | <0.0001 | 0.261 (0.259–0.265) |
| SL | 1 | 0.03 | F 14,104 = 244.86 | <0.0001 | 0.971 (0.970–0.971) | |
| Residuals | 117 | |||||
| 3s and 9s | Site | 7 | 0.11 | F 98,1558.4 = 6.79 | <0.0001 | 0.275 (0.273–0.277) |
| Species | 1 | 0.02 | F 14,245 = 806.4 | <0.0001 | 0.979 (0.979–0.979) | |
| SL | 1 | 0.04 | F 14,245 = 387.15 | <0.0001 | 0.957 (0.956–0.957) | |
| Site by species | 7 | 0.27 | F 98,1558.4 = 3.68 | <0.0001 | 0.171 (0.170–0.173) | |
| Species by SL | 1 | 0.72 | F 14,245 = 6.65 | <0.0001 | 0.275 (0.272–0.280) | |
| Residuals | 258 |
Single species models test for differences between sites in each species. The two species model tests for phenotypic parallelism (effect of site) and non-parallelism (effect of site by species). Standard length (SL) is included in the models to correct for body size differences between individuals. Partial η 2 quantifies effect size. Significant P values are in bold. Models and error plots for single traits are provided in Supplementary Table 2 and Supplementary Fig. 2, respectively. Models for separate trait categories (armour, body shape and gill morphology) are provided in Supplementary Table 3