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Effects of pioglitazone on mitochondrial function in TGF-β1-exposed HK-2 cells. TGF-β1 induced mitochondrial dysfunction in HK-2 cells as evidenced by decreased MMP (A), increased ROS generation (B) and reduced ATP production (C), complexes I and III activities (D,E) and mitochondrial Cyt C expression (F). Pioglitazone improved mitochondrial function by restoring these parameters. n = 3. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, NSP > 0.05.
