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. 2017 Aug 16;7:8325. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08449-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Measurement of oxidative stress experienced by bacteria by the select treatments. (a) Detection of reactive oxidative species (ROS) within E. coli O157:H7 using CellROX® Reagent Green upon treatment by GA (15 mM), PG (10 mM), HCl (pH 3.1), water, or hydrogen peroxide (HP, 1.5%), in the absence or presence of UV-A light for 30 or 5 min. Absolute fluorescence values were corrected by subtracting the fluorescence values for samples incubated in water and in dark. *Indicates that corrected fluorescence value was zero. (b) Fluorescent microscopy images (×100) of bacteria incubated with CellROX® Reagent Green and (1) 15 mM GA + UV-A, (2) 15 mM GA in dark, (3) HCl (pH = 3.1) + UV-A, (4) HCl (pH = 3.1) in dark, (5) DI water in dark. (c) Average maximum fluorescence intensity within the bacteria imaged using fluorescence microscopy. (d) Measurement of free thiols content from E. coli O157:H7 suspensions treated by GA (15 mM), PG (10 mM), HCl (pH 3.1), or water, with the presence or absence of UV-A light for 30 or 5 min. Hydrogen peroxide (HP, 1.5%), was used as a positive control. (e) Logarithmic reduction of E. coli O157:H7 by 15 mM GA + UV-A light, with or without 5% DMSO. Mean ± SD.