Phase-advancing effects of AMPA are enhanced in the Fbxl3Afh/Afh SCN. A, Example traces of photomultiplier tube bioluminescence recordings from an Fbxl3Afh/Afh (Afh/Afh) SCN explant treated with vehicle (black trace) or 5 μm AMPA (red trace) at the trough of day 5 in culture. The arrows indicate the point of peak expression used for calculation of the period, with red arrows delineating peaks pre- and post-AMPA treatment and black arrows showing peaks prevehicle and postvehicle control treatment. B, Compared with vehicle treatment, AMPA evoked significant phase advance in the timing of peak PER2::LUC bioluminescence in both Fbxl3+/+ (+/+) and Fbxl3Afh/Afh SCN explants. Larger advances were evoked by AMPA in Fbxl3Afh/Afh compared with Fbxl3+/+ SCN explants (5.1 ± 0.9 vs 2.5 ± 0.4 h, p = 0.0018), sample sizes given in brackets. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.