Table 1.
Characteristics of the analytic sample stratified by perceived level of social support (N=1376): NHANES 2005–2008.a
| Total
|
Inadequate (n=337) | Somewhat inadequate (n=294) | Adequate (n=745) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) or mean±SE | ||||
| Predisposing factors | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 40–64 | 957 (77.3) | 255 (81.7) | 224 (82.5) | 478 (77.3) |
| ≥65 | 419 (22.7) | 82 (18.3) | 70 (17.5) | 267 (22.7) |
| Female gender | 835 (62.8) | 194 (57.1) | 197 (66.4) | 444 (63.5) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 706 (73.1) | 146 (63.2) | 140 (73.2) | 420 (76.7) |
| Mexican American | 213 (6.0) | 69 (9.7) | 54 (7.1) | 90 (4.2) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 292 (11.5) | 61 (12.4) | 67 (11.7) | 164 (11.1) |
| Other | 165 (9.4) | 61 (14.7) | 33 (8.1) | 71 (8.0) |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than high school | 508 (24.8) | 148 (28.8) | 98 (21.7) | 262 (24.6) |
| High school diploma, General Educational Development or equivalent | 338 (28.6) | 76 (29.1) | 80 (28.0) | 182 (28.6) |
| Some college or more | 530 (46.6) | 113 (42.1) | 116 (50.3) | 301 (46.8) |
| Enabling factors | ||||
| Ratio of family income to poverty | ||||
| ≤99% | 419 (21.7) | 133 (31.2) | 91 (20.9) | 195 (18.6) |
| 100–299% | 609 (40.9) | 159 (47.2) | 120 (42.2) | 330 (38.0) |
| 300–499% | 193 (20.0) | 28 (11.9) | 41 (16.0) | 124 (24.6) |
| ≥500% | 155 (17.4) | 17 (9.7) | 42 (20.9) | 96 (18.8) |
| Covered by health insurance | 1097 (81.1) | 244 (69.4) | 232 (82.4) | 621 (84.9) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/Cohabitating | 744 (59.2) | 153 (44.6) | 160 (58.6) | 431 (64.8) |
| Divorced/Separated | 324 (23.3) | 103 (32.7) | 65 (24.4) | 156 (19.5) |
| Widowed | 190 (10.5) | 40 (10.6) | 44 (9.6) | 106 (10.8) |
| Never married | 118 (6.9) | 41 (12.0) | 25 (7.4) | 52 (4.9) |
| Lives alone in household | 302 (21.6) | 90 (30.4) | 64 (22.7) | 148 (17.9) |
| How often attends church (days) | 30.09±1.73 | 28.7±3.6 | 29.2±2.8 | 30.9±2.2 |
| Number of close relationships | ||||
| 0 | 91 (5.6) | 54 (12.2) | 13 (4.4) | 24 (2.0) |
| 1 to 4 | 704 (48.2) | 203 (61.8) | 160 (48.6) | 341 (43.1) |
| 5 to 8 | 329 (27.8) | 42 (14.8) | 68 (25.2) | 219 (33.5) |
| ≥9 | 252 (19.4) | 38 (11.2) | 53 (21.8) | 161 (21.4) |
| Need factors | ||||
| General health condition | ||||
| Very good to excellent | 230 (21.0) | 45 (16.3) | 45 (19.5) | 140 (23.2) |
| Good | 449 (36.8) | 107 (33.2) | 98 (39.6) | 244 (37.1) |
| Fair to poor | 697 (42.2) | 185 (50.5) | 151 (40.9) | 361 (39.7) |
| ADL score | 6.26±0.30 | 8.1±0.7 | 6.3±0.5 | 5.6±0.3 |
| Depression severityb | ||||
| Mild | 878 (67.2) | 159 (45.8) | 190 (70.2) | 529 (73.8) |
| Moderate | 313 (21.6) | 98 (32.9) | 69 (17.8) | 146 (19.0) |
| Moderately severe to severe | 185 (11.2) | 80 (21.3) | 35 (12.0) | 70 (7.2) |
| Dependent variables | ||||
| Saw nonmental health provider | 814 (55.1) | 170 (41.5) | 169 (52.5) | 475 (61.0) |
| Saw mental health provider | 217 (17.1) | 77 (25.0) | 55 (20.9) | 85 (12.9) |
| Utilized antidepressants | 356 (29.7) | 93 (31.2) | 80 (32.0) | 183 (28.3) |
| Utilized mental health services | 441 (36.4) | 122 (41.0) | 100 (39.6) | 219 (33.6) |
a
All percentages, means and standard errors are weighted using exam weights derived from NHANES 2005–2006 and 2007–2008.
b
Mild depression: PHQ-9, 5–9; moderate depression: PHQ-9, 10–14; moderately severe to severe depression: PHQ-9, 15–27.