(A) Gel retardation assay on G5/CEH and Gal-G5/CEH complexes freshly prepared at different weight ratios. M: the DNA ladder. The stable complexes remained immobile as highlighted. (B) DLS (room temperature) and TEM images of Gal-G5 and freshly prepared Gal-G5/CEH complexes (20:1, w/w). Some Gal-G5 particles are pointed with arrows and Gal-G5/CEH complexes are highlighted in red circles. (C) Hydrodynamic size change of Gal-G5/CEH (20:1, w/w) and G5/CEH (4:1, w/w) at 37 °C in PBS over a period of 24 h. (D) Gel retardation assay on G5/CEH (4:1, w/w) and Gal-G5/CEH (20:1, w/w) following 24 h-incubation 37 °C in PBS or PBS with 10 % FBS. Lane 1: the DNA ladder; Lane 2: CEH in PBS; Lane 3: CEH in 10 % FBS; Lane 4: G5/CEH in PBS; Lane 5: G5/CEH in 10 % FBS; Lane 6: Gal-G5/CEH in PBS; Lane 7: Gal-G5/CEH in 10 % FBS. Both G5/CEH and Gal-G5/CEH maintained good colloidal stability and did not release CEH plasmid as highlighted.