TABLE 1.
Indications for Surgery and Concomitant Injuriesa
| First Author | No. | Indications for Surgery | Other Bony Injury | Other Soft Tissue Injury |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bokor (1999)3 | 41 | 35 had primary anterior shoulder instability. 6 failed arthroscopic repair targeting other lesions. | Bankart lesion (6, 14.6%) | Subscapularis scarring (8, 19.5%), other cuff tear (7, 17.1%) |
| Smith (2014)30 | 1 | Persistent pain and instability following 4 wk of nonoperative treatment. MRI study revealed avulsion of pIGHL and teres minor. | Teres minor avulsion (1, 100%) | |
| Chang (2014)7 | 4 | Preoperative MRA confirming lesion on all patients. | Rotator cuff tear (2, 50%), posterior labral tear (1, 25%), SLAP tear (1, 25%) | |
| Taljanovic (2011)32 | 4 | Preoperative MRA confirming lesion on all patients. | Rotator cuff tendon tear (3, 75%), SLAP lesion (1, 25%), posterior labral tear (1, 25%) | |
| Provencher (2014)22 | 23 | Failed nonoperative management of shoulder dysfunction with confirmed HAGL tear on MRA. | Labral tear, not specified (10, 43.5%) | |
| Bhatia (2012)1 | 7 | All patients had thorough clinical examination, CT, and MRA. | Glenoid bone loss (7, 100%), Hill-Sachs lesion (7, 100%) | |
| Huberty (2006)12 | 6 | All 6 patients had preoperative MRI; 3 of 6 missed the HAGL lesion later confirmed arthroscopically. | Bankart lesion (6, 100%) | |
| Kon (2005)13 | 3 | Persistent instability in young active patients. All patients had preoperative MRA and 3D-CT. | Bankart lesion (2, 66.7%), Hill-Sachs lesion (2, 66.7%) | |
| Chhabra (2004)8 | 1 | Ongoing symptoms 9 mo after injury. Preoperative MRA results positive for pHAGL lesion. | Glenoid defect (1, 100%) | |
| Schippinger (2001)26 | 1 | Young athletic patient. Lesion sustained from a traumatic dislocation after an initial arthroscopic Bankart repair. No preoperative MRA or CT. | Bankart lesion (1, 100%) | Capsular injury (1, 100%) |
| Shah (2010)27 | 1 | Failure of nonoperative treatment to correct instability in young professional athlete. Preoperative MRI. | Bankart lesion (1, 100%) | |
| Gehrmann (2003)10 | 1 | Young competitive athlete with worsening symptoms after 10 mo of nonoperative management. MRA confirmed IGHL tear. | ||
| Rhee (2007)23 | 6 | Recurrent instability. | Bankart lesion (4, 66.7%) | Cuff tear (1, 16.7%), SLAP lesion (1, 16.7%) |
| Wolf (1995)34 | 6 | Persistent shoulder instability. All 6 HAGL lesions diagnosed on arthroscopy. | Hill-Sachs lesion (2, 33.3%) | |
| Oberlander (1996)20 | 3 | Persistent shoulder instability in 2 patients. One patient was treated nonoperatively. | Hill-Sachs lesion (2, 66.7%) | Supraspinatus tear (1, 33%) |
| Rothberg (2009)25 | 2 | Persistent shoulder instability. | Hill-Sachs lesion (2, 100%) | |
| Warner (1997)33 | 1 | Persistent shoulder instability. | Hill-Sachs and Bankart lesion (1, 100%) | |
| Castagna (2007)6 | 9 | Variable but consistent pain and instability; 7 of 9 had preoperative MRA. All HAGL lesions diagnosed on arthroscopy. | Bankart lesion (4, 44%) | SLAP (1, 11%), ALPSA (1,11%) |
a3D-CT, 3-dimensional computed tomography; ALPSA, anterior labral periosteal sleeve avulsion; HAGL, humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament; IGHL, inferior glenohumeral ligament; MRA, magnetic resonance arthrogram; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; pHAGL, posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament; pIGHL, posterior inferior glenohumeral ligament; SLAP, superior labral anterior and posterior.