Table 2.
Age- and sex- standardized CVD risk factor prevalence* among Chennai, Delhi, and Karachi residents aged ≥20 years by education level and household assets, CARRS (n=16,287)
| Education Level | Asset Tertiles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Up to Primary (n=3604) | High / Secondary (n=9924) | Graduate or higher (n=2759) | p-value | Low (n=5431) | Medium (n=5722) | High (n=5134) | p-value | |
| Low F&V Intake | 68.0 (65.6, 70.2) | 60.3 (58.6, 62.0) | 48.0 (45.1, 50.9) | <0.001 | 68.0 (66.2, 69.8) | 61.4 (59.3, 63.5) | 50.5 (48.4, 52.6) | <0.001 |
| Smoked Tobacco Use | 17.0 (15.5, 18.5) | 12.2 (11.3, 13.0) | 7.0 (5.8, 8.2) | <0.001 | 16.1 (14.9, 17.2) | 11.9 (11.1, 12.7) | 9.3 (8.3, 10.4) | <0.001 |
| Smokeless Tobacco | 20.9 (18.7, 23.2) | 13.9 (12.8, 15.1) | 4.8 (3.8, 5.7) | <0.001 | 19.3 (17.6, 21.0) | 14.3 (12.9, 15.7) | 6.8 (5.8, 7.8) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||
| BMI 23–24.9 kg/m2 | 14.2 (11.7, 16.6) | 14.8 (13.8, 15.9) | 17.8 (15.5, 20.2) | 0.038 | 14.5 (13.3, 15.7) | 15.1 (13.9, 16.4) | 16.0 (14.5, 17.5) | 0.130 |
| BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 24.7 (22.4, 27.1) | 30.6 (29.3, 31.9) | 34.6 (31.9, 37.4) | <0.001 | 24.2 (22.6, 25.8) | 31.3 (29.8, 32.8) | 36.5 (33.4, 38.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI≥30 kg/m2 | 12.2 (10.3, 14.2) | 16.0 (15.1, 16.9) | 16.5 (14.7, 18.4) | 0.002 | 9.9 (8.6, 11.1) | 14.9 (13.7, 16.1) | 20.6 (19.1, 22.0) | <0.001 |
| WHtR≥0.5 | 59.6 (56.9, 62.3) | 65.6 (64.4, 66.8) | 69.7 (67.5, 72.0) | <0.001 | 56.7 (54.9, 58.4) | 66.2 (64.6, 67.7) | 73.9 (72.3, 75.5) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||
| Diabetes | 18.1 (16.6, 19.6) | 22.1 (21.1, 23.1) | 22.3 (20.6, 24.1) | <0.001 | 18.3 (16.8, 19.8) | 21.0 (19.7, 22.2) | 26.0 (24.5, 27.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 26.9 (25.1, 28.8) | 30.4 (29.3, 31.5) | 28.2 (25.9, 30.5) | 0.410 | 26.6 (25.0, 28.2) | 30.0 (28.6, 31.4) | 31.2 (29.8, 32.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 40.0 (37.4, 42.7) | 41.4 (40.0, 42.8) | 44.3 (41.9, 46.7) | 0.025 | 40.7 (38.4, 43.2) | 40.3 (38.9, 41.8) | 44.5 (42.7,46.3) | 0.019 |
| Low HDL | 58.2 (55.5, 60.9) | 60.0 (58.6, 61.5) | 57.8 (55.1, 60.5) | 0.820 | 60.1 (58.1, 62.1) | 59.3 (57.4, 61.1) | 61.5 (59.4, 63.3) | 0.310 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 29.1 (26.6, 31.6) | 31.2 (30.0, 32.5) | 33.2 (30.8, 35.5) | 0.012 | 29.7 (27.7, 31.6) | 31.1 (29.5, 32.8) | 34.0 (32.3, 35.7) | 0.0002 |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; F&V, fruit and vegetable; BMI, body mass index; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Definitions:
- Diabetes (self-report or fasting blood glucose ≥126mg/dl or glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5%);
- Hypertension (self-report or measured blood pressure ≥140/90mmHg)
- Hypercholesterolemia (self-report or total cholesterol ≥200mg/dl or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥130mg/dl);
- Low HDL (<40mg/dl [males] and <50mg/dl [females]);
- Hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dl).
*
With 95% confidence intervals in parentheses