Table 4.
Crude and standardized prevalence† of CVD risk factors using complete and imputed data for Chennai, Delhi, and Karachi residents aged ≥20 years, CARRS Surveillance study
| Complete case analysis (n=10,976) | Multiple Imputation analysis (n=16,287) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Crude Prevalence (%) | 95% CIs | Regional Standardized Prevalence (%) | 95% CIs | Global Standardized Prevalence (%) | 95% CIs | |
|
| ||||||
| Mean age (SD): 42.2 (13.3) | Mean age (SD): 42.2 (13.3) | Mean age (SD): 42.6 (15.9) | ||||
| Behavioural Risk Factors | ||||||
| Low F&V intake | 55.9 | (53.5, 58.3) | 59.7 | (58.3, 61.2) | 57.2 | (55.0, 59.4) |
| Tobacco Smoking | 12.9 | (11.4, 14.6) | 12.1 | (11.4, 12.7) | 12.5 | (11.8, 13.2) |
| Smokeless Tobacco Use | 12.1 | (10.7, 13.7) | 13.7 | (12.7, 14.6) | 12.7 | (11.7, 13.7) |
|
| ||||||
| Weight-related Risk Factors | ||||||
| BMI 23–24.9 kg/m2 | 15.3 | (14.5, 16.2) | 15.0 | (14.3, 15.8) | 15.3 | (14.5, 16.0) |
| BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 33.7 | (32.6, 35.0) | 30.5 | (29.5, 31.6) | 31.6 | (30.4, 32.8) |
| BMI≥30 kg/m2 | 18.0 | (16.7, 19.3) | 15.3 | (14.5, 16.1) | 16.0 | (15.1, 16.9) |
| Waist height ratio≥0.5 | 72.2 | (70.6, 73.7) | 65.2 | (64.2, 66.3) | 67.8 | (66.7, 68.9) |
|
| ||||||
| Metabolic Risk Factors | ||||||
| Diabetes | 25.1 | (23.4, 26.9) | 21.7 | (21.0, 22.4) | 25.0 | (24.1, 25.8) |
| Hypertension | 32.3 | (28.9, 34.1) | 29.4 | (28.5, 30.3) | 32.6 | (31.6, 33.6) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 33.7 | (32.0, 35.4) | 41.9 | (40.9, 43.0) | 43.5 | (42.3, 44.6) |
| HDL < 40(M) <50(F) | 62.6 | (60.8, 64.4) | 59.5 | (58.3, 60.8) | 59.9 | (58.4, 61.3) |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 33.2 | (31.7, 34.8) | 31.5 | (30.4, 32.6) | 33.1 | (31.9, 34.3) |
|
| ||||||
| Number of Risk Factors | ||||||
| 1 Risk Factor | 29.6 | (28.3, 31.1) | 29.2 | (28.2, 30.2) | 27.3 | (26.3, 28.3) |
| 2 Risk Factors | 28.0 | (26.9, 29.0) | 27.8 | (27.0, 28.7) | 28.0 | (27.2, 28.9) |
| ≥3 Risk Factors | 29.3 | (27.4, 31.3) | 28.7 | (27.9, 29.4) | 32.0 | (31.2, 32.9) |
†
Prevalence data and 95% confidence intervals are age- and sex-standardized to the world’s population
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; F&V, fruit and vegetable; BMI, body mass index; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Definitions:
- Diabetes (self-report or fasting blood glucose ≥126mg/dl or glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5%);
- Hypertension (self-report or measured blood pressure ≥140/90mmHg)
- Hypercholesterolemia (self-report or total cholesterol ≥200mg/dl or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥130mg/dl);
- Low HDL (<40mg/dl [males] and <50mg/dl [females]);
- Hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dl).