Table 1.
Facility-level and patient-level characteristics of Pennsylvania hospitals with cardiac surgery ICUs, grouped by survey response.
| Attribute | Value | Total | Responders | Non-responders | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Hospital characteristics | N=57 | N=43 (75.4%)* | N=14 (24.6%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Hospital Safety ScoreSM | A | 20 (35.1%) | 17 (39.5%) | 3 (21.4%) | 0.561 | |
|
| ||||||
| B | 15 (26.3%) | 10 (23.3%) | 5 (35.7%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| C | 18 (31.6%) | 13 (30.2%) | 5 (35.7%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| D | 1 (1.8%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| missing | 3 (5.3%) | 2 (4.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Teaching status | Major | 18 (31.6%) | 14 (32.6%) | 4 (28.6%) | 0.928 | |
|
| ||||||
| Minor | 17 (29.8%) | 13 (30.2%) | 4 (28.6%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Non | 22 (38.6%) | 16 (37.2%) | 6 (42.9%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Locality | Urban | 53 (93.0%) | 39 (90.7%) | 14 (100%) | 0.237 | |
|
| ||||||
| Rural | 4 (7.0%) | 4 (9.3%) | 0 (0%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Magnet® status | Yes | 15 (26.3%) | 14 (32.6%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0.061 | |
|
| ||||||
| No | 42 (73.7%) | 29 (67.4%) | 13 (92.9%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Number of beds | <250 | 17 (29.8%) | 14 (32.6%) | 3 (21.4%) | 0.727 | |
|
| ||||||
| 250–500 | 26 (45.6%) | 19 (44.2%) | 7 (50.0%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| >500 | 14 (24.6%) | 10 (23.3%) | 4 (28.6%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Patient characteristics | N=37,261 | N=29,449 (79.0%) | N=7,812 (21.0%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 68 (59–76) | 68 (59–76) | 67 (60–76) | 0.0158 | ||
|
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| Race | White | 33,119 (88.9%) | 25,992 (88.3%) | 7,127 (91.2%) | 0.000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Black | 1,853 (5.0%) | 1,503 (5.1%) | 350 (4.5%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Other | 2,289 (6.1%) | 1,954 (6.6%) | 335 (4.3%) | |||
|
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| Ethnicity | Hispanic | 919 (2.5%) | 853 (2.9%) | 66 (0.8%) | 0.000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 36,342 (97.5%) | 28,596 (97.1%) | 7,746 (99.2%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Sex | Female | 12,101 (32.5%) | 9,503 (32.3%) | 2,598 (33.3%) | 0.098 | |
|
| ||||||
| Male | 25,160 (67.5%) | 19,946 (67.7%) | 5,214 (66.7%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Admission source | Transfer | 4,337 (11.6%) | 3,778 (12.8%) | 559 (7.2%) | 0.000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Non-transfer | 32,924 (88.4%) | 25,671 (87.2%) | 7,253 (92.8%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Insurance type (Primary)** | Medicare | 21,749 (58.4%) | 17,149 (58.2%) | 4,600 (58.9%) | 0.000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Medicaid | 2,402 (6.5%) | 1,939 (6.6%) | 463 (5.9%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Commercial | 11,956 (32.1%) | 9,714 (33.0%) | 2,242 (28.7%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Other | 876 (2.4%) | 444 (1.5%) | 432 (5.5%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Uninsured | 278 (0.7%) | 203 (0.7%) | 75 (1.0%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.071 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Surgery type | CABG only | 22,191 (59.6%) | 17,321 (58.8%) | 4,870 (62.3%) | 0.000 | |
|
| ||||||
| Valve repair or replacement only | 9,626 (25.8%) | 7,854 (26.7%) | 1,772 (22.7%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| CABG and valve | 5.444 (14.6%) | 4,274 (14.5%) | 1,170 (15.0%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Patient outcomes | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Length of stay (LOS), days*** | ICU LOS | 0.000 | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 6 (3–10) | 6 (3–10) | 7 (4–11) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 8.15 ± 8.7 | 7.9 ± 8.9 | 9.0 ± 7.8 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Hospital LOS | 0.001 | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 8 (6–12) | 8 (6–12) | 8 (6–12) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 12.1 23.5 | 14.0 ± 26.1 | 10.1 ± 6.8 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Mortality | Death in 7 days from surgery | 544 (1.45%) | 431 (1.46%) | 113 (1.45%) | 0.911 | |
|
| ||||||
| Death in 30 days from surgery | 1,110 (2.98%) | 901 (3.06%) | 209 (2.68%) | 0.076 | ||
|
| ||||||
| In-hospital mortality | 925 (2.48%) | 738 (2.51%) | 187 (2.39%) | 0.571 | ||
CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; SD: standard deviation; ICU: intensive care unit; IQR: interquartile rangePercentages do not all sum to 100% due to rounding error.
Hospital Safety Score is a quality performance grade conferred by the Leapfrog Group.
Magnet® status is an indicator of nursing excellence granted by the American Nurses Credentialing Center.
44 hospitals responded to our facility survey, but one was unable to be linked to PHC4 data with a unique identifier (it shared a facility code with another hospital). This hospital and its corresponding discharges were therefore excluded from analysis.
For discharges with more than one insurance type, a primary payer is designated in the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council dataset.
Excludes patients who died during their hospitalization.