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. 2017 Aug 17;7:8571. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08936-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Behavioral tasks. (a) Head-rotation task (HRe). Through the MUPRO system (see Materials and Methods for more details), the monkey’s head was partially unrestrained. Monkey’s cartoon was drawn by author and previously used in ref. 76. (b) Head-rotation observation task (HRo). The monkey’s head was restricted in the central position during this task (i.e., forces were measured through the MUPRO system, but head rotation was not allowed). The experimenter, staring at the monkey (0°), turned his head with two fixed sequences: first, from 0° to 90° rightward relative to the monkey’s face (Averted Right, blue) and then, with no relevant delay, back from 90° to 0° toward the monkey’s face (Directed Left, yellow); second, from 0° to 90° leftward (Averted Left, green) and then, with no relevant delay, back from 90° to 0° toward the monkey’s face (Directed Right, red). Monkeys were randomly rewarded, with no temporal relation to the end of trials.