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. 2017 Aug 17;7:8525. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09123-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Microscopic and (b) fluorescence microscopic images of DNA/Ru(bpy)₃ ²⁺ hybrid film, showing the flat and aggregated regions. (c) Microscopic images of the film under ±4 V, 500 Hz AC voltage in the ECL device. Photoexcited fluorescence spectra of the ECL device upon excitation by a 455 nm laser.