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. 2017 Aug 17;7:8527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08938-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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AB/H/E stained longitudinal section of distal rat colon containing faecal pellets. A sterile mucus layer covers the pellet completely. (a) The mucus layers attached to the faeces cover the entire pellet. (b) A line of bacteria-overgrown mucus penetrates the faecal pellet. (c) Sterile (light blue) and bacteria-overgrown mucus layers (dark blue) can be recognised, mucus production by goblet cells in the lumen is visible. (d) Sterile (‘inner’) and bacteria-overgrown (‘outer’) mucus layers, are recognised in a manner commonly observed in transversal sections.