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. 2017 Aug 17;7:8527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08938-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Localisation of microbiota in mouse proximal colon. (a) AB/H/E staining of transversal section of mouse proximal colon. (b) FISH staining of consecutive transversal section of mouse proximal colon. Bacteria are observed in direct contact with the epithelium (a), without a mucus layer to separate them from the tissue (a,b). Significantly less bacteria are observed in the middle of the contents than near to the mucosa. A high concentration of bacteria is detected particularly under the tissue folds specific to the proximal colon. (c) AB/H/E staining of longitudinal section of mouse proximal colon. (d) FISH staining of consecutive longitudinal section of mouse proximal colon. In collapsed proximal colon, bacteria mixed with mucus remain present in the lumen of folded tissue.