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. 2017 Aug 17;7:8688. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09249-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Estimates of genetic and environmental influences for males versus females across individual study traits. Scatterplots of estimates of (a) heritability (h² = 2(r_MZ − r_DZ)) and (b) amount of shared environment (c² = 2r_DZ − r_MZ) for males versus females. Red dots indicate traits for which the female estimate is significantly larger than the male estimate after. Blue dots indicate traits for which male heritability is significantly larger than female heritability. Grey dots indicate no statistically significant difference after Bonferroni correction for 2,608 trait statistics. The bottom graphs show the distribution of male-female differences in genetic effects (c) and shared environmental effects (d).