Table 1.
Public–private collaborative efforts in the US of cancer cellular immunotherapy in Phase II and III clinical trials.
| Company sponsor | Collaborators | Public/private | IPO year/founding year | Product | Cell typea | Cell source | Targetb | Condition | Clinical trial phase in September 2016 and identifiers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argos Therapeutics | Rockefeller University; Duke University | Public: NASDAQ: ARGS | 2014 | Rocapuldencel-T | DC | Auto | TERT, OFA, G250 + CD40L | Renal cell carcinoma | 3 (started 2012, active) NCT01582672 |
| Asterias Biotherapeutics | Cancer Research UK; Cell Therapy Catapult | Public: NASDAQ: AST | 2016 | GRNVAC1 | DC | Auto | hTERT | Acute myeloid leukemia | 2 (completed 2011) NCT00510133 |
| Atara Biotherapeutics | Memorial Sloan Kettering; Amgen; Celgene | Public: NASDAQ: ATRA | 2014 | EBV-CTL | T | Allo | EBV | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 2 (started 2011, still recruiting) NCT01498484 |
| Cell Medica | Baylor College of Medicine; University College London | Private | 2006 | CMD-003 | T | Auto | EBV | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 2 (started 2014, recruiting) NCT01948180 |
| ImmunoCellular Therapeutics | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Public: NASDAQ: IMUC | 2006 | ICT-107 | DC | Auto | AIM-2, MAGE-1, TRP-2, gp100, HER-2, IL-13Ra2 | Glioblastoma | 3 (started 2015, recruiting) NCT02546102 |
| Juno Therapeutics | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Seattle Children’s Research Institute | Public: NASDAQ: JUNO | 2014 | JCAR015 | CAR-T | Auto | CD19 | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) | 2 (started 2015, recruiting) NCT02535364 |
| Kite Pharma | National Cancer Institute; UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Leiden University Medical Center; Alpine Immune Science | Public: NASDAQ: KITE | 2014 | KTE-C19 | CAR-T | Auto | CD19 | Mantle cell lymphoma | 2 (started 2015, recruiting) NCT02601313 |
| Lion Biotechnologies | National Cancer Institute | Public: NASDAQ: LBIO | 2010 | Contego (LN-144) | TIL | Auto | TS | Melanoma | 2 (started 2015, recruiting) NCT02360579 |
| Northwest Biotherapeutics | King’s College London | Public: NASDAQ: NWBO | 2001 | DCVax-L | DC | Auto | TS | Glioblastoma | 3 (started 2006, ongoing) NCT00045968 |
| TVAX Biomedical | National Cancer Institute; University of Kansas Medical Center | Private Spin off from University of Kansas | 2004 | TVI-Brain-01 | CTL | Auto | TS | Grade IV glioma | 2 (started 2011, recruitment status not verified) NCT01290692 |
| Novartis Pharmaceuticals (Switzerland) | National Cancer Institute, University of Pennsylvania | Public: VTX: NOVN | 1996 | Tisagenlecleucel-T (CTL019, CART19) | CAR-T | Auto | CD19 | ALL | 2 (started 2015, recruiting) 2 (started 2014, recruiting) NCT02445248 NCT02435849 NCT02228096 |
aCell type: (+), multiple agents per product; DC, dendritic cell; CTL, cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+); CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T cell; T, T cell; TIL, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte.
bTarget: EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; TS, patient tumor sample; TCL, tumor cell line; CTA, cancer testis antigens.