Table 2.

Relationship of Chronic Everyday Discrimination and Bodily Pain: Total (N=3056)

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	β-Estimate	SE	P-value	β-Estimate	SE	P-value	β-Estimate	SE	P-value	β-Estimate	SE	P-value
Intercept	79.36	1.80	<.001	79.45	1.80	<.001	77.54	1.79	<.001	76.26	1.76	<.001
Time, 10 yrs	−1.59	0.26	<.001	−1.44	0.38	<.001	−0.87	0.39	0.028	−1.05	0.39	0.007
Discrimination*	−10.39	0.93	<.001	−10.42	0.93	<.001	−8.59	0.91	<.001	−7.48	0.89	<.001
Race/Ethnicity
Black	−9.20	2.42	<.001	−9.30	2.42	<.001	−6.20	2.36	0.009	−5.84	2.31	0.012
Hispanic	−5.73	3.87	0.139	−5.88	3.88	0.130	−6.36	3.83	0.097	−5.27	3.77	0.163
Chinese	1.62	3.99	0.684	1.52	3.98	0.703	−0.37	3.86	0.924	−0.55	3.78	0.883
Japanese	−4.11	3.54	0.246	−4.35	3.54	0.219	−7.63	3.43	0.026	−6.92	3.35	0.039
Caucasian	Reference			Reference			Reference			Reference
Race/Ethnicity* Discrimination
Black	4.26	1.34	0.002	4.31	1.34	0.001	3.50	1.31	0.008	3.18	1.29	0.013
Hispanic	−3.71	2.95	0.209	−3.65	2.96	0.217	−3.12	2.93	0.287	−3.00	2.88	0.298
Chinese	1.30	2.23	0.561	1.34	2.23	0.549	0.23	2.16	0.917	0.20	2.12	0.927
Japanese	3.99	2.21	0.071	4.11	2.21	0.063	4.24	2.14	0.048	3.81	2.09	0.069
Caucasian	Reference			Reference			Reference			Reference
Baseline age, yrs**	−2.37	1.04	0.022	−2.27	1.04	0.030	−2.22	1.00	0.027	−2.38	0.97	0.015
Education
≤ high school	−6.21	0.86	<.001	−6.18	0.86	<.001	−4.80	0.83	<.001	−4.22	0.81	<.001
Some College	−4.30	0.76	<.001	−4.26	0.76	<.001	−3.28	0.73	<.001	−2.95	0.71	<.001
College	−1.29	0.85	0.129	−1.26	0.84	0.136	−0.90	0.81	0.262	−0.71	0.78	0.367
Graduate school	Reference			Reference			Reference			Reference
Number of pain medications
2	13.87	0.83	<.001	13.88	0.83	<.001	13.59	0.87	<.001	13.60	0.87	<.001
1	8.46	0.83	<.001	8.43	0.83	<.001	8.14	0.87	<.001	8.17	0.86	<.001
0	Reference			Reference			Reference			Reference
Postmenopausal				−0.23	0.37	0.541	−0.25	0.39	0.517	−0.27	0.39	0.490
HT use				−0.47	0.41	0.246	−0.26	0.42	0.539	−0.31	0.42	0.450
BMI, kg/m2*							−3.94	0.25	<.001	−3.94	0.25	<.001
Smoker							−1.93	0.58	0.001	−1.79	0.57	0.002
No. of Upsetting Life Events
≥2							−2.96	0.31	<.001	−2.28	0.31	<.001
1							−1.10	0.30	<.001	−0.80	0.30	0.009
0							Reference			Reference
CES-D=16+										−5.22	0.36	<.001

Models adjusted for: (1) race/ethnicity, baseline age, education, number of pain medications; (2) all variables in Model (1) plus post-menopausal status and HT use; (3) all variables in Model (2) plus BMI, smoking status, number of upsetting life events; (4) all variables in Model (3) plus CES-D. Menopausal status, hormone therapy use, BMI, smoking, life events, and CES-D in models 2, 3, 4 are all time varying. Significant associations are bolded.

^*Average discrimination up to and including the pain visit;

^**Centered