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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2017 Sep;158(9):1656–1665. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000957

Table 3e.

Relationship of Chronic Everyday Discrimination and Bodily Pain: Caucasian (N=1450)

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4

Effect β-Estimate SE P-value β-Estimate SE P-value β-Estimate SE P-value β-Estimate SE P-value
Intercept 73.80 2.87 <.001 73.83 2.87 <.001 76.06 2.81 <.001 75.53 2.77 <.001
Time, 10 yrs −2.47 0.56 <.001 −2.08 0.78 0.008 −2.06 0.80 0.010 −2.38 0.80 0.003
Chronic Discrimination* −10.54 0.85 <.001 −10.49 0.85 <.001 −8.74 0.84 <.001 −7.86 0.83 <.001
Baseline Age, yrs** −0.94 2.27 0.679 −0.76 2.28 0.739 −0.87 2.13 0.682 −1.16 2.08 0.575
Education
 ≤ high school −9.88 1.87 <.001 −9.80 1.87 <.001 −9.29 1.75 <.001 −8.60 1.71 <.001
 Some college −6.28 1.74 <.001 −6.20 1.73 <.001 −5.39 1.62 0.001 −5.02 1.58 0.002
 College −2.41 2.10 0.252 −2.36 2.10 0.261 −2.21 1.96 0.261 −1.99 1.91 0.298
 Graduate School Reference Reference Reference Reference
Number of pain medications
 2 14.67 1.11 <.001 14.70 1.11 <.001 14.47 1.17 <.001 14.49 1.17 <.001
 1 7.35 1.35 <.001 7.32 1.35 <.001 7.54 1.41 <.001 7.38 1.41 <.001
 0 Reference Reference Reference Reference
Post-menopausal
 Yes −0.61 0.74 0.406 −0.43 0.76 0.570 −0.42 0.76 0.586
 No Reference Reference Reference
HT use
 Yes −1.41 0.91 0.121 −1.12 0.93 0.231 −1.17 0.93 0.210
 No Reference Reference Reference
BMI, kg/m2** −4.12 0.46 <.001 −4.14 0.45 <.001
Smoker
 Yes −4.44 1.00 <.001 −4.30 1.00 <.001
 No Reference Reference
No. of upsetting life events
 ≥2 −3.28 0.60 <.001 −2.79 0.61 <.001
 1 −0.99 0.62 0.107 −0.69 0.62 0.265
 0 Reference Reference
CES-D
 16+ −4.80 0.71 <.001
 <16 Reference

Models adjusted for: (1) baseline age, education, number of pain medications; (2) all variables in Model (1) plus post-menopausal status and HT use; (3) all variables in Model (2) plus BMI, smoking status, number of upsetting life events; (4) all variables in Model (3) plus CES-D. Menopausal status, hormone therapy use, BMI, smoking, life events, and CES-D in models 2, 3, 4 are all time varying. Significant associations are bolded.

*

Average discrimination up to and including the pain visit;

**

Centered