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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2017 Feb 17;12(9):1655–1663. doi: 10.1007/s11548-017-1537-1

Table 1.

Summary of statistical analysis: three feedback methods include A (audio-only feedback), V (visual feedback) and C (combined audiovisual feedback)

df F t z p sig d Effect
Accuracy (MANOVA) 2,10 2.23 0.16 1.34 large
Contrast Tip A vs V and C 11 1.29 0.22 0.39 small
V vs. C 11 2.00 0.07 0.60 medium
Contrast Handle A vs V and C 11 1.18 0.26 0.36 small
V vs. C 11 0.42 0.68 0.13 no effect

Task Completion Time (MANOVA) 2,10 46.18 <0.01 * 6.00 large
Contrast Tip A vs V and C 11 3.85 <0.01 * 1.16 large
V vs. C 11 1.07 0.31 0.32 small
Contrast Handle A vs V and C 11 4.71 <0.01 * 1.42 large
V vs. C 11 0.21 0.84 0.06 no effect

Subjective Workload (ANOVA) 2,22 21.73 <0.01 * 2.79 large
A vs V and C 11 5.61 <0.01 * 1.69 large
V vs. C 11 0.54 0.60 0.16 no effect

Viewing Duration (Wilcoxon signed-rank test)
V vs. C 2.52 0.01 * 1.20 large