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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2017 Jun 7;106:53–59. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.023

Table 2.

Estimated differences in mean growth z-scores by peripubertal blood lead levels (BLL) among Russian boys followed for up to 10 years.

Exposure Unadjusted Model (N=481) Adjusted Model (N=475)
Estimate (95% CI) P-value Estimate (95% CI) P-value
Annual WHO age-adjusted height z-scoresa
Higher vs. lower BLL (≥5 vs. <5 μg/dL) −0.49 (−0.67, −0.31) <0.001 −0.43 (−0.60, −0.25) <0.001
Loge-transformed BLL −0.30 (−0.44, −0.16) <0.001 −0.26 (−0.40, −0.13) <0.001
Annual WHO age-adjusted BMI z-scoresb
Higher vs. lower BLL (≥5 vs. <5 μg/dL) −0.34 (−0.57, −0.10) 0.005 −0.22 (−0.45, 0.006) 0.06
Loge-transformed BLL −0.19 (−0.37, −0.01) 0.04 −0.14 (−0.31, 0.04) 0.12

WHO=World Health organization; CI=confidence interval; BLL=blood lead level; BMI=body mass index

a

Adjusted repeated measures linear regression model, including birthweight, preterm birth, percent calories from protein at baseline, and age (years).

b

Adjusted repeated measures linear regression model, including birthweight, no biological father in home, percent calories from fat at baseline, and age (years).