Table 4. .
Effect Size and 95% Confidence Intervals of Participant Groups
| Study and Summary Results |
Rehabilitation Type |
Outcome |
Hedges g |
95% Confidence Interval |
P Value |
| McKeon et al28 (2008) | Balance | Combined | 1.06 | 0.35, 1.77 | .004 |
| De Ridder et al21 (2015) | Balance | Combined | 0.59 | 0.11, 1.07 | .02 |
| Hilgendorf et al25 (2012) | Balance | Combined | 1.13 | 0.16, 2.09 | .02 |
| Schaefer and Sandrey30 (2012) | Balance | Combined | 1.44 | 0.56, 2.31 | .001 |
| Schaefer and Sandrey30 (2012), sham | Balance | Combined | 1.66 | 0.78, 2.54 | <.001 |
| Collins et al18 (2014), sham | Balance | Combined | 0.61 | −0.12, 1.33 | .10 |
| Hale et al23 (2014) | Balance | FAAM–Sport | 1.28 | 0.45, 2.11 | .003 |
| Cruz-Díaz et al20 (2015) | Balance | CAIT | 2.10 | 1.53, 2.67 | <.001 |
| Summary balance | 1.22 | 0.79, 1.65 | <.001 | ||
| Hoch et al26 (2012) | Manual therapy | Combined | 0.86 | 0.07, 1.65 | .03 |
| Gilbreath et al22 (2014) | Manual therapy | Combined | 0.45 | −0.35, 1.25 | .27 |
| Beazell et al17 (2012), proximal | Manual therapy | FAAM–Sport | −0.03 | −0.71, 0.65 | .93 |
| Beazel et al17 (2012), distal | Manual therapy | FAAM–Sport | 0.23 | −0.47, 0.93 | .52 |
| Cruz-Díaz et al19 (2015) | Manual therapy | CAIT | 5.41 | 4.32, 6.50 | <.001 |
| McKeon and Wikstrom31 (2016), mobilization | Manual therapy | Combined | 0.64 | 0.01, 1.27 | .048 |
| McKeon and Wikstrom31 (2016), massage | Manual therapy | Combined | 0.54 | −0.09, 1.16 | .10 |
| Summary manual therapy | 1.10 | 0.09, 2.11 | .03 | ||
| Hale et al24 (2007) | Combination | Combined | 0.73 | 0.01, 1.45 | .047 |
| Hilgendorf et al25 (2012) | Combination | Combined | 1.01 | 0.06, 1.96 | .04 |
| Schaefer and Sandrey30 (2012) | Combination | Combined | 1.81 | 0.94, 2.68 | <.001 |
| Collins et al18 (2014) | Combination | Combined | 0.51 | −0.23, 1.25 | .18 |
| Salom-Moreno et al29 (2015), dry-needling | Combination | Combined | 1.54 | 0.74, 2.34 | <.001 |
| Salom-Moreno et al29 (2015) | Combination | Combined | 0.56 | −0.19, 1.31 | .14 |
| Kim et al27 (2014) | Combination | CAIT | 2.17 | 1.14, 3.20 | <.001 |
| Summary combination | 1.14 | 0.67, 1.60 | <.001 | ||
| Kim et al27 (2014) | Strength | CAIT | 1.03 | 0.16, 1.90 | .02 |
| McKeon and Wikstrom31 (2016), stretch group | Stretch | Combined | 0.56 | −0.09, 1.20 | .09 |
| Overall summary | 1.11 | 0.76, 1.46 | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CAIT, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool; FAAM, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure.