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Effects of CSE and SFN on apoptosis. Control, untreated; 5% CSE, treated with 5% CSE for 24 h; 5% CSE + SFN, pretreated with 0.5 µM SFN and treated with 5% CSE for 24 h. Apoptosis was detected using annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI double staining. Cells in the Q2 and Q4 quadrants (annexin V+/PI+ and annexin V+/PI−, respectively) were considered to be apoptotic. CSE, cigarette smoke extract; SFN, sulforaphane; PI, propidium iodide.
