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. 2017 Jul 8;7(11):2775–2793. doi: 10.7150/thno.19443

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Commonly used engineered transcription factors for gene manipulation. Zinc finger proteins (a) TALEs (b) and dCas9 (c) are used as DNA binding domains to target specific gene sequences. They are then fused to effector domains to activate or repress transcription, or alter the epigenetic state of the histones. Crystal structures are of zinc finger proteins, TALEs, and spCas9 (nuclease active) not fused to effector domains. Figure adapted from Thakore et al. (2016) Nature Methods (30). Example crystal structures generated from PDB files 2I13, 3UGM, and 4OO8.