Table 4.
Associations with clinical factors∗
| Clinical factor (binary and categorical variables)† | Bladder (% tender) | Pelvic floor (% tender) | Cervix and uterus (% tender) | Cul-de-sac or uterosacral ligaments (% tender) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endometriosis‡ | NS | NS | NS | P < .001 |
| Painful bladder syndrome | P < .001§ | P = .001 | P < .001 | P = .004 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | P = .004 | NS | NS | P = .015 |
| Sexual orientation | P = .048 | NS | NS | NS |
| Miscarriage | NS | NS | P < .001 | NS |
| Antidepressant use (current)‖ | P = .002 | P = .008 | P = .033 | NS |
| Family history of chronic pain¶ | P = .001 | P = .013 | NS | P = .012 |
| Marital status | P = .005 | NS | NS | NS |
| Smoking | P = .022 | NS | P = .008 | NS |
| Drug use | NS | NS | NS | P = .011 |
| Adult physical assault# | P = .020 | NS | NS | NS |
| Adult sexual assault# | P = .005 | NS | NS | NS |
| Clinical factor (continuous and ordinal variables)∗∗ | Bladder |
Pelvic floor |
Cervix and uterus |
Cul-de-sac or uterosacral ligaments |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tender (n = 102) | Non-tender (n = 446) | Tender (n = 155) | Non-tender (n = 393) | Tender (n = 168) | Non-tender (n = 380) | Tender (n = 313) | Non-tender (n = 235) | |
| Age (y) | P < .001†† | P < .001 | NS | NS | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | NS | P = .027 | NS | NS | ||||
| Depression (PHQ-9) | P < .001 | P < .001 | P = .001 | P = .009 | ||||
| Anxiety (GAD-7) | P = .003 | P < .001 | NS | NS | ||||
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale | P < .001 | P < .001 | P < .001 | P = .002 | ||||
| Age pelvic pain started (y) | NS | P = .001 | NS | P = .036 | ||||
| Laparoscopies (n) | NS | P = .048 | NS | NS | ||||
| Age at menarche (y) | NS | P = .027 | NS | NS | ||||
| Severity of dysmenorrhea (0–10) | NS | P = .006 | NS | NS | ||||
| Education‡‡ | P = .004 | P = .001 | P = .004 | P < .001 | ||||
| Income§§ | P = .001 | P < .001 | NS | NS | ||||
| Red meat consumption‖‖ | NS | NS | P = .006 | NS | ||||
| Alcohol (drinks/wk) | NS | P = .009 | P = .006 | NS | ||||
BMI = body mass index; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7; NS = not significant; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Quality–9.
See eTable 1 for descriptive statistics (eg, proportions and means).
Binary and categorical variables without any significant associations: ethnicity (Caucasian vs other), current hormonal suppression, previous intrauterine device, tubal ligation, previous chlamydia, previous gonorrhea, previous pelvic inflammatory disease, retroverted uterus, adenomyosis, fibroid larger than 4 cm, vaginal birth, cesarean birth, termination, fibromyalgia, ruptured appendicitis, hernia surgery, memorable fall on the pelvis, currently working, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, examination performed no more than or more than 14 days after last menstrual period, or patient is amenorrheic.
See Methods for description.
Fisher exact test.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, but excluding bupropion because of its known protective effects on sexual function.
Categorical variable: yes, no, don’t know.
Categorical variable: yes, no, no answer.
Continuous and ordinal variables without any significant associations: number of bleeding days in past 3 months, number of laparotomies, dairy product consumption, vegetable and fruit consumption, fish consumption, fiber consumption, fatty food consumption, sugary food consumption, exercise, and caffeine intake.
Mann-Whitney U test.
Education: some high school = 1, graduate high school = 2, some college = 3, graduate 2-year college = 4, graduate 4-year college = 5, postgraduate = 6.
Income: less than $20,000 = 1, $20,000 to $40,000 = 2, $40,000 to $60,000 = 3, $60,000 to $80,000 = 4, $80,000 to $100,000 = 5, more than $100,000 = 6.
Red meat: consumed never = 1, rarely = 2, few times per week = 3, or daily = 4.