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. 2017 Aug 18;7:8738. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09315-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Examples of pre- and post-treatment bladders and their predictions. (a) The computer methods and the radiologists correctly predicted the treatment outcome for this case, which was a non-responding, progressive disease that went from stage T2 before treatment to T3a after treatment. (b) In this stable disease case (stage T3), the computer methods and the radiologists correctly identified the case as non-responding. (c) This case fully responded, going from stage T2 to T0, and the computer methods and the radiologists correctly predicted the treatment response. (d) A full-responding case, going from stage T3 to T0. The computers correctly predicted the response, while the radiologists did not. The region around the right ureterovesicular junction was asymmetrically thickened, which might have misled the radiologist to assess that cancer was present. The pre-treatment scan is on the left and the post-treatment scan is located on the right of each pair. The box on the pre-treatment scan represents the location of the lesion as marked by one of the radiologists.