. 2017 Aug 18;7:8848. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09075-7

Table 2.

Concentration level of heavy metals in the biological matrices of workers in different occupational settings from published literature.

Location	Subjects	Industry Category	matrix	Cr	Cd	Ni	Cu	Mn	Zn	Pb	Analytical methods	References
Sialkot, Pakistan	47	Leather tanning and products manufacturing	Urine	5.16	2.90	0.93	2.31	3.39	18.12	7.58	FAAS	This study
			Blood	8.29	9.00	4.18	5.63	7.77	22.30	119
			Saliva	4.53	0.93	0.15	2.49	0.84	7.33	10.2
			Auxiliary hair	0.56	0.86	0.18	0.5	0.14	2.30	0.56
			Scalp hair	0.31	1.38	0.19	0.56	0.35	4.29	0.55
Zhejiang, China	90	Leather Tanning	Urine	10.60							GFAAS	42
Zhejiang, China	90	Leather Tanning	Blood	22.95							GFAAS	42
Kanpur, India	100	Leather Tanning	Blood	147.75							AAS	38
Camerino, Italy		Leather Tanning	Urine	1.86							AAS	40
Camerino, Italy		Leather Tanning	Blood	1.86							AAS	40
Lahore, Pakistan	160	Carpet weaving brick kiln	Urine	0.38	0.36	3.33	11.5	1.5	169	3.60	ICP-MS	71
Lahore, Pakistan	160	Carpet weaving brick kiln		0.38	0.54	4.33	15.8	2.08	411	8.52	ICP-MS	71
Gdansk, Poland	42	Slide bearings	Blood				783		5840	274	ICP-MS	72
Gdansk, Poland	42	Slide bearings	Urine				17.8		334	25.5	ICP-MS	72
Germany	92	Lead-smelter	Blood							500	ICP-MS	73
			Urine							25
			plasma							2.7
Spain	144	Steel	Saliva		0.14	7.8		6.94	3.0		ETAAS	74
China	49	Welding	Saliva		0.36		28.5	4.45	191	24.9	ICP-MS	16
United Kingdom	25	battery workers	Saliva		7.87						AAS	75
Canada	19		Saliva		59.7						AAS	76
Sweden	5	Divers	Saliva				10–200				ETAAS	77
China	122		Saliva					22.3			AAS	78
Canada	5	battery workers	Saliva							129	AAS	79
Syria	281	printing plants	Scalp hair			2.74	8.94		184	2.51	X-ray fluorescence	80
Pakistan	62	Steel Mill	Hair		2.53			5.89	270	8.93	AAS	81
			Blood		5.16			63.9	8.54	263
			Urine		3.95			2.5	1.27	105
Berlin Germany	28	incinerator	Blood					15.1		41.3	ICP-MS	82
Berlin Germany	28	incinerator	Urine		0.45	14.8					ICP-MS	82
Heidelberg, Germany	100	dry cell	Blood					10.7			GF-AAS	45
			Urine					0.26
			Hair					4.6
Umbria, Italy	19	Cr plating	Urine^a	7.31							GFAAS	83
Umbria, Italy	19	Cr plating	Blood	50.30							GFAAS	83
Granada, Spain	178	Iron and steel	Urine^a	0.95	0.25	1.67		0.93		22.28	ETAAS	25
			Blood	1.31	0.49	0.96		8.68		43.39
			Saliva	3.11	0.14	7.79		6.94		3.03
			Hair	3.14	0.07	0.12		2.35		24.33
Netherlands	53	Welding	Urine^a	0.30							ICP-MS	84
Netherlands	53	Welding	Blood	10							ICP-MS	84
Bochum, Germany	241	Welding	Urine	1.0							GFAAS	85
Bochum, Germany	241	Welding	Blood	1.5							GFAAS	85
Jinan, China	115	Chromate	Blood	12.45							ETAAS	86
Sialkot, Pakistan	102	Surgical industry	Urine	23	0.48	7.45	16.3	3.33	278	4.27	ICP-MS	41
Sialkot, Pakistan	102	Surgical industry		30							ICP-MS	41
Sialkot, Pakistan	75	Surgical industry	Urine	58.15	41.38	12.04	2.53	5.57	215	10.15	FAAS	58
			Blood	16.3	5.61	4.66	1.52	2.08	13.5	25.18
			Saliva	1.25	5.28	4.12	0.1	7.7	16.16	10.57
			Auxiliary hair	2.9	1.06	0.08	0.43	0.14	2.01	0.37
			Scalp hair	2.36	1.4	0.04	0.49	0.06	1.52	0.39

Units: urine (µg/L, ^aµg/g creatinine), blood & saliva (µg/L), hair (µg/g).