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. 2017 Aug 18;7:8837. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08879-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Overall design and implementation strategy for the 3-tissue-representative organ-on-a-chip system using a variety of biofabrication approaches. (a,b) Illustration and photograph of the modular multi-tissue organ-on-a-chip hardware system set up for maintenance of 3 tissue model. Individual microfluidic microreactor units house each organoid or tissue model, and are connected via a central fluid routing breadboard, allowing for straightforward “plug-and-play” system preparation initialization. (c,d) General overview of how each tissue type is prepared for the system. (c) Liver and cardiac modules are created by bioprinting spherical organoids within customized bioinks, resulting in 3D hydrogel constructs that are placed into the microreactor devices. (d) Lung modules are formed by creating layers of cells over porous membranes within microfluidic devices. Introduction of TEER (trans-endothelial [or epithelial] electrical resistance sensors allows monitoring of tissue barrier function integrity over time.