Table 2.

Identification of significantly different potential endogenous metabolites in the sera of individuals in the control and model groups^a.

No.	Identified potential biomarker	Related metabolism	Concentration			Fc	Sig.c	p valued
			Control	Disease modelb	DS modelb			Con. VS DM	Con. VS DSM
1	Leukotriene E3	Arachidonic acid metabolism	34.54 ± 5.67	14.81 ± 6.44↓	7.94 ± 2.27↓	81.62	1.23 × 10−12	2.52 × 10−8	2.33 × 10−8
2	15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid	γ-Linolenic acid metabolism	124.22 ± 14.73	101.64 ± 29.31↓	44.29 ± 7.87↓	53.00	2.07 × 10−10	2.27 × 10−2	2.37 × 10−8
3	LysoPE (20:1)	Glycerophospholipid metabolism	14.93 ± 4.49	1.78 ± 0.82↓	5.80 ± 1.40↓	63.35	2.61 × 10−11	2.33 × 10−8	4.16 × 10−8
4	Tyrosyl-histidine	Tyrosine metabolism	16.88 ± 1.46	21.01 ± 2.26↑	29.40 ± 3.92↑	56.02	1.10 × 10−10	5.56 × 10−3	2.34 × 10−8
5	Glutaminyl-glutamate	Glutamate metabolism	17.29 ± 1.19	21.12 ± 3.58↑	27.65 ± 3.60↑	32.61	3.79 × 10−8	1.67 × 10−2	4.25 × 10−8
6	Sphingosine 1-phosphate	Sphingolipid metabolism	34.68 ± 6.52	43.28 ± 5.38↑	52.80 ± 12.55↑	11.01	2.78 × 10−4	1.45 × 10−2	1.22 × 10−4
7	Docosahexaenoic acid	α-Linolenic acid metabolism	215.29 ± 21.48	288.42 ± 37.48↑	283.26 ± 32.33↑	17.50	1.04 × 10−5	2.59 × 10−5	3.96 × 10−5
8	8,11,14-eicosatrienoyl ethanolamide	α-Linolenic acid metabolism	26.96 ± 6.69	41.47 ± 9.72↑	46.69 ± 9.00↑	15.01	3.35 × 10−5	1.42 × 10−3	1.84 × 10−5
9	11b-PGF2α	Arachidonic acid metabolism	26.17 ± 7.08	43.35 ± 11.74↑	41.89 ± 8.64↑	10.71	3.29 × 10−4	5.52 × 10−4	9.03 × 10−4
10	Palmitoleic acid	Fatty Acid Biosynthesis	57.01 ± 11.35	94.07 ± 18.91↑	85.33 ± 23.24↑	10.66	3.38 × 10−4	2.65 × 10−4	2.87 × 10−3
11	Cholic acid	Bile Acid Biosynthesis	39.07 ± 12.93	144.96 ± 31.70↑	166.96 ± 26.46↑	78.00	2.14 × 10−12	2.38 × 10−8	2.33 × 10−8
12	Arachidonic acid	Arachidonic acid metabolism	35.62 ± 3.81	30.06 ± 8.90↓	16.72 ± 5.57↓	25.73	3.74 × 10−7	1.09 × 10−1	2.96 × 10−7
13	Eicosapentaenoic acid	Α-Linolenic acid metabolism	245.94 ± 56.43	153.10 ± 39.18↓	122.45 ± 39.35↓	21.35	1.99 × 10−6	1.58 × 10−4	1.18 × 10−6
14	9-HODE	Linoleic acid metabolism	35.18 ± 1.40	35.76 ± 7.15	21.41 ± 4.15↓	32.27	4.22 × 10−8	9.47 × 10−1	4.88 × 10−7
15	Phytosphingosine	Sphingolipid metabolism	461.18 ± 55.03	403.14 ± 35.19↓	180.93 ± 66.80↓	81.25	1.30 × 10−12	4.57 × 10−1	2.33 × 10−8
16	LysoPC (16:0)	Glycerophospholipid metabolism	13.97 ± 5.31	16.45 ± 2.99↑	22.59 ± 9.59↑	4.73	1.67 × 10−2	6.29 × 10−1	1.16 × 10−2
17	LysoPE (18:1)	Glycerophospholipid metabolism	10.57 ± 1.24	4.47 ± 1.97↓	4.01 ± 1.27↓	60.62	4.38 × 10−11	2.47 × 10−8	2.34 × 10−8
18	LysoPC (15:0)	Glycerophospholipid metabolism	42.71 ± 5.02	29.30 ± 8.41↓	17.36 ± 10.69↓	23.96	7.20 × 10−7	2.88 × 10−3	2.84 × 10−7
19	Tri-N-acetyl chitotriose	Amino sugar metabolism	52.54 ± 10.38	38.94 ± 7.02↓	23.61 ± 4.99↓	39.54	5.20 × 10−9	7.98 × 10−4	2.52 × 10−8
20	17β-Estradiol glucuronide	Steroid hormone biosynthesis	41.38 ± 11.24	30.78 ± 6.30↓	17.92 ± 3.17↓	27.42	2.06 × 10−7	6.56 × 10−3	1.04 × 10−7

^aMetabolites were confirmed by t _R and m/z with authentic chemicals. ^bCompared with control group. “↑” indicates a higher level of metabolites, whereas “↓” represents a lower level of metabolites. All data are represented the intensity values of metabolites. ^cThe value of F and Sig. was obtained from a one-way ANOVA. The F value is the ratio of the variance between the groups and the variance in the group. F value greater than 1 and Sig. less than 0.05 means the differences between groups were statistically significant. ^d p values were calculated from the Dunnett test in multivariate statistical analysis.