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. 2017 Aug 18;7:8781. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09374-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Paradigm and task. (a) Examples of fixed stimulus pairings. Participants learned that some stimuli are most likely to repeat, whereas others are most likely to alternate, thus creating expected repetitions (ER) and expected alternations (EA), as well as unexpected repetitions (UR) and unexpected alternations (UA). (b) Stimulus display, here showing an expected repetition (ER) trial. In the behavioral discrimination task, participants responded to the category of the second stimulus (vehicle or animal) during the inter-trial interval (ITI). During the fMRI oddball task, participants responded to occasional oddball targets (17.4% of trials) in which the stimulus was shown at 60% of its normal size.