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. 2017 Aug 18;7:8753. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09326-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental tooth movement model. (a) Schematic diagram of orthodontic tooth movement. The upper first molar was moved mesially by a closed–coil spring. The red arrow indicates the direction of orthodontic force. (b) Intra–oral photograph. (c) Tooth movement during the experiment time course. Representative micro-CT images in wild–type mice after spring insertion (0, 4, 8 and 12 days). (d) Quantification of tooth movement in each group (n = 3 per time point). (e) Measurement of osteoclasts on alveolar bone around the distal buccal root of the upper first molar (area enclosed by the dotted line). (f) The number of osteoclasts on the alveolar bone surface (n = 3 per time point). Scale bar: 1 mm. Error bars, means ± s.e.m.; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; NS, not significant.