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. 2017 Aug 18;7:8719. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09292-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gene expression and DNA methylation in the hippocampus. (a–e) Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of (a) Avpr1a, (b) Htr1a, (c) Maoa, (d) Mbp, and (e) Nrc31 mRNA as well as (f) pyrosequencing analysis of bisulphite-treated DNA at CpG site 13 within the Avpr1a gene of mice grown up in an early adverse (AA and AB) or beneficial (BA and BB) environment and provided with later matching (AA and BB) or mismatching (AB and BA) conditions in adulthood. Sham-handled mice (SH) served as control. There were significant main effects of life history (Gene expression: Avpr1a: p < 0.001; Htr1a: p = 0.012; Maoa: p = 0.020; Mbp: p = 0.033; DNA methylation: Avpr1a CpG site 13: p = 0.028) and of the late phase (Gene expression: Avpr1a: p < 0.001; Maoa: p = 0.014; Mbp: p = 0.013; Nr3c1: p = 0.013; DNA methylation: Avpr1a CpG site 13: p = 0.013). Data are given as means + s.e.m. Statistics: ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc testing. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001. n = 11–13 (a–e), n = 8–13 (f). CNRQ = Calibrated Normalized Relative Quantities.