Table 6.

Mixed models (with random intercept) considering attitudes regarding avoidance, dangerousness, workability, helping, and responsibility as the dependent variable (n=48).

Dependent variable and predictors of change over time		Model A: unconditional means model		Model B: unconditional growth (with time)		Model C: time & age & education
		Parameter estimate (SE)	P value	Parameter estimate (SE)	P value	Parameter estimate (SE)	P value
Attitude avoidance
	Fixed effects
	Intercept (initial status)	10.50 (0.439)	<.001	11.44 (0.492)	<.001	11.69 (0.773)	<.001
	Time (rate of change)
	Wave = 1			–1.37 (0.390)	.001	–1.37 (0.390)	.001
	Wave = 2			–1.66 (0.422)	<.001	–1.66 (0.422)	<.001
	Age					–0.39 (0.880)
	Education					–0.12 (0.881)
	Variance components
	Level 1: within-person (residual)	4.43 (0.681)	<.001	3.60 (0.554)	<.001	3.60 (0.555)	<.001
	Level 2: in intercept	7.63 (1.926)	<.001	8.00 (1.932)	<.001	7.95 (1.924)	<.001
	Goodness of fit
	Deviance	659.03		641.77		641.55
	AICa	665.03		651.77		655.55
	BICb	673.70		666.22		675.78
Attitude dangerousness
	Fixed effects
	Intercept (initial status)	9.72 (0.404)	<.001	10.60 (0.440)	<.001	11.33 (0.688)	<.001
	Time (rate of change)
	Wave = 1			–1.32 (0.308)	<.001	–1.32 (0.308)	<.001
	Wave = 2			–1.52 (0.333)	<.001	–1.51 (0.333)	<.001
	Age					–0.40 (0.791)
	Education					–1.10 (0.792)
	Variance components
	Level 1: within-person (residual)	2.96 (0.454)	<.001	2.24 (0.345)	<.001	2.25 (0.345)	<.001
	Level 2: in intercept	6.76 (1.615)	<.001	7.03 (1.614)	<.001	6.67 (1.543)	<.001
	Goodness of fit
	Deviance	616.80		593.42		591.23
	AIC	622.80		603.42		605.23
	BIC	631.47		617.87		625.46
Attitude workability
	Fixed effects	10.68 (0.409)	<.001	10.83 (0.472)	<.001	11.83 (0.707)	<.001
	Intercept (initial status)
	Time (rate of change)
	Wave = 1			–0.08 (0.415)		–0.08 (0.415)
	Wave = 2			–0.47 (0.451)		–0.46 (0.452)
	Age					–1.24 (0.791)
	Education					–0.78 (0.792)
	Variance components
	Level 1: within-person (residual)	4.20 (0.642)	<.001	4.13 (0.632)	<.001	4.14 (0.635)	<.001
	Level 2: in intercept	6.50 (1.666)	<.001	6.58 (1.676)	<.001	5.98 (1.565)	<.001
	Goodness of fit
	Deviance	652.52		651.35		647.93
	AIC	658.52		661.35		661.93
	BIC	667.21		675.84		682.21
Attitude helping
	Fixed effects	8.07 (0.241)	<.001	8.17 (0.315)	<.001	8.00 (0.452)	<.001
	Intercept (initial status)
	Time (rate of change)
	Wave = 1			1.16 (0.587)		–0.51 (0.365)
	Wave = 2			0.31 (0.484)		0.31 (0.392)
	Age					0.38 (0.479)
	Education					–0.04 (0.479)
	Variance components
	Level 1: within-person (residual)	3.32 (0.507)	<.001	3.17 (0.484)	<.001	3.16 (0.482)	<.001
	Level 2: in intercept	1.58 (0.594)	.008	1.61 (0.587)	.006	1.59 (0.580)	.006
	Goodness of fit
	Deviance	577.25		572.78		572.15
	AIC	583.25		582.78		586.15
	BIC	591.92		597.24		606.39
Attitude responsibility
	Fixed effects
	Intercept (initial status)	4.68 (0.248)	<.001	5.08 (0.274)	<.001	4.99 (0.428)	<.001
	Time (rate of change)
	Wave = 1			–0.62 (0.208)	.004	–0.61 (0.208)	.004
	Wave = 2			–0.69 (0.225)	.003	–0.68 (0.225)	.003
	Age					0.54 (0.489)
	Education					–0.37 (0.490)
	Variance components
	Level 1: within-person (residual)	1.18 (0.181)	<.001	1.02 (0.157)	<.001	1.02 (0.157)	<.001
	Level 2: in intercept	2.52 (0.611)	<.001	2.58 (0.612)	<.001	2.49 (0.591)	<.001
	Goodness of fit
	Deviance	491.42		479.80		478.11
	AIC	497.42		489.80		492.11
	BIC	506.09		504.25		512.34

^aAIC: Akaike information criterion.

^bBIC: Bayesian information criterion.