Table 3.
Association between latent multimorbidity membership and outcomes at baseline and follow-up
| Outcomes | Associations at baselinea | Associations at follow-upb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiorespiratory/mental/arthritis (n = 220) (b, SE) | Metabolic/stroke (n = 1060) (b, SE) | Cardiorespiratory/mental/arthritis (n = 220) (b, SE) | Metabolic/strokec (n = 1060) (b, SE) | |
| Verbal fluency | −0.78 (0.50) | −0.17 (0.28) | −0.78 (0.55) | −0.78 (0.30)** |
| Verbal memory | −1.39 (0.44)** | −0.76 (0.25)** | −0.87 (0.53) | −0.12 (0.29) |
| Disability (WHODAS) | 22.31 (1.10)*** | 10.08 (0.61)*** | 4.29 (1.38) | 0.18 (0.75) |
| Quality of life | −13.59 (0.99)*** | −6.85 (0.55)*** | −5.49 (1.21)*** | −1.75 (0.66)** |
| N° medical visits last 12 months | 0.76 (0.10)*** | 0.54 (0.07)*** | 0.46 (0.15)** | 0.22 (0.11)* |
| Cardiorespiratory/mental/arthritis (OR, 95%CI) | Metabolic/stroke (OR, 95%CI) | Cardiorespiratory/mental/arthritis (OR, 95%CI) | Metabolic/stroke (OR, 95%CI) | |
| Limitations in ADLs (yes/no) | 7.97 (5.41–11.73)*** | 4.13 (3.07–5.54)*** | 4.05 (2.65–6.18)*** | 2.11 (1.64–2.72)*** |
| Limitations in IADLs (yes/no) | 11.42 (8.04–16.22)*** | 4.47 (3.45–5.80)*** | 2.17 (1.32–3.55)** | 1.63 (1.17–2.29)** |
| Hospital admission last 12 months (yes/no) | 3.77 (2.79–5.10)*** | 1.97 (1.63–2.38)*** | 1.88 (1.16–3.04)* | 1.53 (1.10–2.12)* |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
Note: The reference group for the multimorbidity group variable was the “healthy” class
Unstandardized coefficients from linear regression models for continuous outcomes (verbal fluency, memory, disability, quality of life), and from Poisson regression models for count data (n° medical visits)
Odds Ratios (95% confidence interval) from logistic regression models for binary outcomes (limitations in ADLs, IADLs and hospital admissions)
Models were run in 100 imputed datasets and results combined using Rubin’s rules
ADLs Activities of Daily Living, IADLs Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
aAdjusted for gender, age (at baseline), years of education (at baseline), marital status (at baseline) and income (at baseline);
bAdjusted for the same outcome measured at baseline, gender, age (at baseline), years of education (at baseline), marital status (at baseline) and income (at baseline)